Biology ch 4 and 5
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?
C
Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?
C
Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H⁺ into a solution?
C
Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?
C
Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?
C 35
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
C 37
Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?
C and D
The element present in all organic molecules is
Carbon
The molecular formula for glucose is C₆H₁2O₆. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
C₂H₄
Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?
D
Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?
D
Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?
D
Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H⁺ and become positively charged?
D
Which of the structures illustrated above contain(s) a carbonyl functional group?
D
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
D 36
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 7?
E
Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
E
Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials?
Friedrich Wohler
Which of the following is true of cellulose?
It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.
Hermann Kolbe's synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements was a significant milestone for what reason?
It proved that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic compounds and disproved the concept of vitalism.
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
It should dissolve in water.
Which of the following people used this apparatus to study the formation of organic compounds?
Stanley Miller
Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
The carbon atoms ultimately came from carbon dioxide incorporated into sugars through photosynthesis.
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
They are both polymers of glucose.
Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?
They are nonpolar.
Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, they were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
amino
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
amino
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments assumed that early Earth's atmosphere contained
ammonia, methane, hydrogen gas, and water vapor.
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that
are mirror images of one another.
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that
are mirror images of one another. 39
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the
arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
as a disaccharide
Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will
be more constrained in structure.
When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?
both simple organic compounds and more complex organic compounds such as amino acids and hydrocarbons
Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except
by forming enantiomers.
A molecule with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆ is probably a
carbohydrate and monosaccharide only.
Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers?
carbohydrates
The element present in all organic molecules is
carbon.
Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?
carboxyl
What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure above?
carboxyl
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino
Which functional groups can act as acids?
carboxyl and phosphate
On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer?
cellulose
Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?
chitin
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
cis-trans isomers.
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
covalent
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
dehydration reactions
Differences among organisms are caused by
differences in the types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism.
Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions?
either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups
Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions?
fatty acids
Which of the following is not a polymer?
glucose
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
glycogen
Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
All of the following are polysaccharides except
lactose.
The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that
living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.
In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?
none of the structures
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved that
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules
structural isomers
Testosterone and estradiol are
structural isomers of each other.
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are
structural isomers.
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
structural isomers.
Which functional group is not present in this molecule?
sulfhydryl
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to
the chemical versatility of carbon atoms.
What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?
the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms
Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
the replacement of the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
Organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of carbon compounds.
Humans and mice differ because
their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids.
In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that
water is consumed by animal metabolism.
A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it
would function as both an acid and a base.
Which molecules shown above will form hydrogen bonds with water?
All of these molecules except B will form hydrogen bonds with water.
Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule.
B
Which molecule shown above can form a dimer linked by a covalent bond?
B
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?
B
Which molecule shown above is a thiol?
B
Which of the groups shown above is a carbonyl functional group?
B
Which of the structures illustrated above cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?
B
Which pair of molecules shown below are not enantiomers of a single molecule?
B 38
Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?
B and C
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?
10
How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?
2
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
4
Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?
A
Which molecule shown above can function as a base?
A
Which molecule shown above contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid?
A
Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in aqueous solution at pH 7?
A
