Biology CH5: Cellular Respiration

1. anaerobic 2. sour 3. L. bulgaricus and S. thermophiles group

Certain bacteria that produce lactic acid as a waste product during fermentation, an ________________ process, are important to the food industry. This lactic acid is what gives yogurt its _________ taste. From the graph, based on the pH after 4 hours, the ______________ would taste the most acidic

Two ATP molecules are required to start the process.

In the process of glycolysis, four ATP molecules are synthesized from four ADP molecules. Why does glycolysis not yield four molecules of ATP?

Alcoholic fermentation takes place and ethyl alcohol and CO2 gas are formed, creating pockets in the dough

Jose and Rema are making sourdough bread. They have been feeding the starter dough for a week now, and it has undergone lactic acid fermentation. They mix the dough and add a portion of the starter, which will give the bread its famous texture and sour flavor. What process will occur next to make the dough rise?

an aerobic pathway consisting of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

Natasha is making a model of cellular respiration. Her model shows the pathway followed when there is enough oxygen available. What does Natasha's model show?

Glycolysis begins glucose metabolism, and in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes over.

Xavier and Jill are practicing the 100-meter sprint. Which statement BEST describes the metabolic pathways their muscles will utilize to produce the quick energy needed for this intense exercise?

Energy enters the system when NADH and FADH2 carry their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain where, through chemiosmosis, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane into the intermembrane space, causing the buildup of a charge difference.

ATP, a higher-energy molecule than ADP, is synthesized from ADP in the electron transport chain. Given that molecules cannot go from a lower energy to a higher energy on their own without an external input of energy, how does the energy for this reaction enter the system?

Plants can be genetically modified to synthesize compounds that currently are made in chemical factories that produce hazardous wastes.

Air and water pollution from industrial waste is a major global challenge, and is largely driven by societal needs and wants. Biochemists know that plants function as small chemical factories, yet produce no toxic waste. These tiny factories in plants are everywhere, synthesizing carbohydrates from photosynthesis, utilizing cellular respiration for energy production, and producing food for animals all at the same time. How can this knowledge, along with modern technology, best be applied to reduce industrial pollution?

1. In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. 2. In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the cell membrane.

Celeste and Raymond are studying the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They learn that in eukaryotic cells the electron transport chain is in a different location than in prokaryotic cells. Which statements give the correct explanation of this difference?

The molecules in the food we eat contain chemical energy stored in chemical bonds. Which statement BEST explains how this energy is released?

Chemical bonds in food molecules are broken, releasing energy and allowing cells to use the energy to make ATP.

1. Cytoplasm 2. not available 3. alcohol 4. lactic acid 5. less/much less

Fermentation is a chemical reaction that takes place in the __________ and occurs when oxygen is ____________. Byproducts of fermentation may include __________ or ____________. Fermentation yields ____________ ATP than the electron transport.

1. carbon dioxide 2. pipetss 3. oxygen 4. growth and reproduction 5. make 6. eat

Look at the diagram. A product of cellular respiration is ____________, which can escape from the test tubes through the _________. A reactant of cellular respiration is _______, which will be used up. Plants, like animals, need energy for ________. The difference is that plants first ________ food that undergoes cellular respiration, where animals must ___________ food.

1. mitochondria 2. ATP

Marathon runners have a much higher percentage of "slow twitch" fibers in their muscles, which make it possible for them to run long distances at a steady pace. On the other hand, sprinters' muscles are composed mostly of "fast twitch" fibers, which allow to allow for intense bursts of exertion. Therefore, marathon runners have more ______________ in their muscles to allow for greater __________ production in long endurance runs.

the matrix of the mitochondria

Savannah is asked to explain the locations of the stages of cellular respiration. What location should she give for the site of the Krebs cycle reactions?

the citric acid cycle

The Krebs cycle consists of many small steps, each catalyzed by an enzyme. What is another name for the Krebs cycle?

Mariana eats an orange. Which statement describes the ultimate source of the energy that her body receives when she digests the orange?

The light energy that originates from the sun provides the energy to grow oranges, which contain macromolecules.

Morgan has diabetes and must carefully monitor his food intake. He is learning the calorie count of the different macromolecules—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—so that he can make choices to keep his blood sugar in the proper range. He notices that the word calorie is sometimes spelled with a capital C. Which statements accurately describe calories and Calories? Select all of the answers that apply.

1. A Calorie is equal to 1000 calories. 2. A Calorie is equal to a kilocalorie.

1. The ATP synthase spins when the hydrogen ions rush past, acting as a "matchmaker" and grabbing another phosphate group to attach to an ADP molecule. 2. The high concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space allows them to diffuse across the membrane into the matrix.

ATP is produced in all stages of cellular respiration. Which two statements describe the process of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain?

Two molecules of ATP from the cell are invested at the beginning of the process of glycolysis.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and is an anaerobic process. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid. How is glycolysis kept functioning during cellular respiration?

1. 2 2. 32

Glycolysis yields ___________ molecules of ATP, while the electron transport chain yields ___________ molecules of ATP due to the presence of oxygen.

1. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produces oxygen. 2.Cellular respiration uses oxygen to release energy from food and produces carbon dioxide as a by-product

The overall reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite of each other. Select two statements that describe the two processes.

1. The breakdown of glucose occurs in many small steps. 2. Low-temperature breakdown of glucose is enabled by enzymes that catalyze specific reactions.

The process of combustion, or burning, is similar to the chemical processes that release energy in cells. Wood burns at a very high temperature, about 600°C. Which two statements explain how the human body is able to obtain energy without becoming too hot?