Biology Chapter 1-5
The ionized or dissociated carboxyl group may be written as _____.
-COO- Correct. The carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group. When a proton or hydrogen ion dissociates from the group, the negatively charged -COO- is the result.
Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids?
-NH2 Correct. This is the amino group. This group is present in all amino acids.
A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution? ( Concept 3.2)
0.092 g
pH goes from 7.4 to 6.4.
10 times as many H+ ions in the solution
A solution at pH 6 contains _____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8
100 times more H+
a solution with a pH of 6 has the hydroxide ion concentrion [OH-]
10^8M
What is ATP's importance in the cell?
ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water?
All are properties related to hydrogen bonding.
What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?(
All have been associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.These diseases and others have been associated with a buildup of misfolded versions of various proteins within cells.
Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules?
Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.
Functional Group: -NH2
Amino Group
Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+
Amino group
Functional Group: -H+ +-NH2-Non ionized +NH3- Ionized
Amino group
Functional Group: Name of compound Amines
Amino group
Functional Group: acts as a base; can pick up an h+ from the surrounding solution (water in living organisms)
Amino group
Functional Group: consists of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton
Amino group
Functional Group: ex. glycine
Amino group
Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they
Are not truly polymers. Lipids are not all made of the same type of monomer. Their association as a group (fats, phospholipids and steroids._ is related to their solubility behavior.
How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?
Because it is polar, water's oppositely charged ends are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. Water molecules form a hydration shell around oppositely charged particles.
Six most imporatnt chemical elements of life?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfure
What changes ina methane molecule would make it more polar?
Carbons electronegativity was more similar to oxygens electronegativity
Functional Group: Consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond
Carbonyl Group
Functional Group: Name of comound: (Ketones if within a carbon skeleton, Aldehydes if end of carbon skeleton)
Carbonyl Group
Functional Group: Example: acetone simplest ketone. Propanol, an aldehyde.
Carbonyl group
Functional Group: Functional properties: Ketone and aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal. -Ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars. Ketoses and aldoses.
Carbonyl group
Functional Group: (-COOH)
Carboxyl Group
Functional Group: when an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an-OH group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a
Carboxyl Group
Functional Group: EX: Acetic acid
Carboxyl group
Functional Group: Found in cells in theionized form with a charge of negative 1 and called a caroxylate ion
Carboxyl group
Functional Group: name of compound. Carboxylic acids. or organic acids
Carboxyl group
High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place?
Cholesterol is the basis for many important molecules such as sex hormones. Cholesterol is the basis for many steroid molecules, including sex hormones.
Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid? (Concept 3.3)
Correct Answer: HF → H+ + F-
Which of the following molecules is a weak base?
Correct Answer: R-NH2
Which of these is found in all amino acids? (
Correct Answer: both -COOH and -NH2
In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____. ( Concept 3.1)
Correct Answer: the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule
A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different geometric isomers exist for this molecule? ( Concept 4.2)
Correct Answer: two
The type of bond that forms to join monomers such as sugars and amino acids into polymers such as starch and proteins is a ____bond
Covalent. Monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule.
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____
DNA
What is the Process by which monomers are linked together to form Polymers?
Dehydration or condensation reactions. (When monomers are linked together to form a more complex polymer, a water molecule is removed by dehydration(condensation) reactions.
When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality?
Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function
carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular weight
Glucose
What happens when sodium chloride dissolves ini water?
Hydration shells are forming around the sodium and chloride ions
Functional Group: Polar, as a result of the electron spending more time near the electronegative oxygen. -Can form hyddrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.
Hydroxyl Group
Functional Group: a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule
Hydroxyl Group
Functional Group: ex.(Ethanol)
Hydroxyl Group
Name of compound: Alochol (names usually end in -ol)
Hydroxyl Group
Functional Group: -OH (HO-)
Hydroxyl group.
What water-related evidence do scientists have that suggests life may exist on other planets? ( Concept 3.2)
In 2008, the robotic spacecraft Phoenix found ice present just under the material on Mars's surface, and detected sufficient water vapor in the Martian atmosphere for frost to form.
In a hydrolysis reaction___and in this process water is
In a hydrolysis reaction[A polymer is broken up into its constituent monomers]...and water is [consumed]
Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules?
In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.
When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?
It has increased by 10,000 times.
Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation?
It washes away some minerals that are plant nutrients, and causes some toxic minerals to accumulate.
two species that belong to the same genus must also belong to the same
Kingdom,phylum, class, order
Functional Group: -CH3
Methyl Group
Functional Group: addition of this functional group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA affects the expression of genes
Methyl group
arrangement of this functional groups in male and femal sex hormones affects their shape and function
Methyl group
consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. the carbon of a methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
Methyl group
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?
More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-). Correct. As seawater becomes more acidic, carbonate ion concentration decreases. The decrease in the availability of carbonate ion makes it more difficult for marine organisms to secrete calcium carbonate shells.
Which of these is a thiol?
NONE. -SH is the sulfhydryl functional group. The presence of this group in a molecule would make the molecule a thiol, but this is only a functional group and not a molecule.
What is a key feature of omega-3 fatty acids that distinguishes them from other types of fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats that contain three or more cis double bonds and are found in vegetable oils, some nuts, and in fatty fish. Considered essential fatty acids, they are required for normal growth in children and studies suggest that they provide protection against cardiovascular disease in adults.
Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?
One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic. Correct. Depending on the body's ability to recognize and use different enantiomers, one version may have dangerous effects, as in the case of methamphetamine.
Functional Group: -OPO3^-2)
Phosphate Group
Which of the following is a true statement comparing phospholipids and triacylglycerols (fats and oils)?
Phospholipid molecules have a distinctly polar "head" and a distinctly nonpolar "tail," whereas triacylglycerols are predominantly nonpolar.Triacylglycerols consist of three (nonpolar) fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head containing a negatively charged phosphate group.
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component is a polymer or monomer
Polymer
Cellulose is a____made of many___
Polymer...glucose molecules
Which of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group?
R-COOH Correct. The molecule R-COOH contains the carboxyl functional group (-COOH). The presence of this group would make the molecule a weak acid.
Which of the following molecules is a weak acid?
R-COOH. The amino group (-NH2) of R-NH2 can function as a base. It can accept a proton (H+), but it cannot donate a proton (H+)
Nutritionally, saturated triaclyglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triaclyglycerols. that is the difference between them?
Saturated triaclyglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triaclyglycerols. Saturated triacylglycerols are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Functional Group: two of this group can react forming a covalent bond. this "cross-linking" helps stablizies protein structure
Sulfhydryl
Functional Group: -SH (HS)
Sulfhydryl Group
Functional Group: consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen; it resembles a hydroxyl group in shape
Sulfhydryl group
How life on earth would be different if water were less polar.
Sweating would be less effective means of keeping cool.
Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different?
Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient.
Which of the following examples describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?
The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. Correct. This is a property of the carboxyl group.
If water were not a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from what are currently observed or predicted to occur in the future? ( Concept 3.2)
The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.
A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation?
The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. The remarkable sensitivity of organisms means that subtle differences in molecular structure can translate to different and unintended effects on organism function.
Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can't the same enzyme break down cellulose?
The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than in starch. The glucose monomers in cellulose are bonded in a beta glycosidic linkage, whereas those in starch have an alpha glycosidic linkage. The enzyme amylase is specific for the alpha glycosidic linkage.
Which of the following accurately relates the emergent properties of water to the effects of global warming in the Arctic? ( Concept 3.2)
The significant increase in Arctic air temperature over the past 50 years is causing sea ice to form later in the year, to melt earlier, and to cover a smaller area each year.
Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to _____ as _____ is to base.
Your Answer: acid ... amino Correct. A carboxyl group has acidic properties because it can donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to a solution. The amino group acts as a base because it can pick up or accept a proton (hydrogen ion) from a solution.
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are _____. ( Concept 3.2)
Your Answer: both caused by water's partial charges Correct. Two molecules of water are held together by a hydrogen bond formed between the slight positive charge of the hydrogen and the slight negative charge of the oxygen. Water is a very versatile solvent, a quality traced to the polarity of the water molecule.
The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that _____.
a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds Correct. With four valence electrons, carbon usually shares its four electrons in covalent bonds to complete its outer shell.
If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have _____.
a charged end and a noncharged end
An acid is _____.
a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
The peptide bond is _____bond..
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide. The specific type of covalent bond joining two amino acids is a peptide bond.
Water molecules have _____ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.
a higher boiling point
A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components?
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar. Each nucleotide consists of three parts: an organic molecule, called a nitrogenous base; a 5-carbon sugar, called a pentose; and a phosphate group that serves in the phosphodiester covalent bond that forms a bridge between adjacent nucleotides.
A glucose molecule is to starch as _____.
a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?
a tetrahedron with carbon in the center Correct. The pairs of bonding electrons are oriented as distantly as possible from one another in a tetrahedron with the carbon atom at the center and the other four atoms at the vertices of the tetrahedron.
Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that _____
a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
The first organic molecule to be synthesized from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from inorganic substances was _____
acetic acid Correct. Acetic acid was the first organic molecule synthesized from nothing but inorganic substances.
a solution contains 10^-4 moles of hydrogen ions [H+]per liter. describe the solution
acidic: H+ donor
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by _____
adding hydrogen atoms to the double bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains. The phrase "hydrogenated vegetable oils" found on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen.
On the basis of the principle of complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of _____ to be equal to the percentage of _____.
adenine ... thymineAdenine and thymine form a complementary base pair.
Which of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water?
all
Which of the following groups is capable of hydrogen bonding with an oxygen atom on another functional group?
all
Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They _____.
all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility Correct. Functional groups are all hydrophilic.
Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they _____.
all share the same functional group: a hydroxyl
Protein molecules are polymers chain of
amino acid molecules. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded into specific conformations.
if atom loses sufficient energy
an electron moves to an electron shell closer to the nucleus
prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains
bacteria and archaea
A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is a _____.
buffer
Functional Group: C=O
carbonyl group
Functional Group: acts as an acid; can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar: -COOH-nonionized. -COO+H+ =ionized
carboxyl group
Which functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid (ABA)?
carboxyl. Correct. Compounds containing the carboxyl functional group (-COOH) are known as carboxylic acids or organic acids. They can donate a hydrogen ion (proton) to a solution due to a highly polar oxygen atom of the functional group.
Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least? (
cellulose (in the lettuce). Cellulose contains glycosidic linkages that cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes.
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
chaperonins. Chaperonins shield proteins from "bad influences" (interactions with other molecules in the cytoplasm) while they are folding into their functional forms.
The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is _____
cohesion
Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat? (Concept 3.2)
condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water
Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70 to 95% water. As a result, _____.
dissolved substances can be easily transported within a cell or between cells in multicellular organisms
buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by
donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted. Accepting H+ when they are in excess.
Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____.
each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for _____
energy storage and release. Simple sugar molecules, stored in polysaccharides such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, are a major energy source for cellular work.
Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by _____
ester linkages. In making a fat, each of the three fatty acid molecules is bonded to a glycerol by an ester linkage type of covalent bond.
Pure water has a pH of 7. Why does uncontaminated rainwater have a pH of 5.6?
formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water Correct. The presence of carbonic acid in rainwater causes it to have a lower pH than pure water.
increased levels of CO2 can threaten aquatic organisms in which way?
forming more carbonic acid that decreases the concentration of carbonate ions in seawater
Glucose and hexanoic acid each contain six carbon atoms, but they have completely different properties. Glucose is a nutrient found in food; hexanoic acid is poisonous. Their differences must be due to different _____.
functional groups
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is _____.
glycogen. Humans and other vertebrates store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscles.
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by
glycosidic linkages. The glucose monomers of cellulose are linked together by a specific type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage.
difference between carbon12-and carbon 14 is that carbon 14
has two more neutrons than carbon 12
Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances,
have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere
Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high _____.
heat of vaporization
A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be
hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called _____ molecules.
hydrophobic
The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are _____ because they _____.
hydrophobic ... have no charges to which water molecules can adhere. Phospholipid tails, which consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains, are hydrophobic.
Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy Correct. Because they are nonpolar, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic. They also provide energy in the forms of things such as fossil fuels and fats.
Because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____.
ice floats
Adding acid tends to _____ of a solution.
increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH Correct. Because pH is a negative log, its value is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration.
The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans
increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms
chitin
is the structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons.
ice cube cools a drink. what takes place?
kinetic energy in the drink decreases
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
lipids.Correct. Steroids, such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, are lipids based on their insolubility in water. The molecules are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings of carbon atoms.
Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution.
lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH
Functional Group: name of compound
methylated compounds
C6H12O6. mono or polysaccharide?
monosaccharide
Which of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds?
oils
species that are in the same family are more closely related than species that are only in the same. (order, kingdom, class, phylum)
order
Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from the fact that _____.
oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does
Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water that cells can harvest to perform many functions? (
phosphate Correct. Cleaving a phosphate group from ATP releases energy that is used to perform many cellular functions.
Functional Group: contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2- when at the end of a molecule; 1- when located internally in a chain of ______)
phosphate group
Functional Group: name of compounds organic phosphates
phosphate group
a phosphorus atom is bonded to four ocygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges.
phosphate group
molecules containing this functional group have potentional to react with water releasing energy
phosphate group
Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are
polar Correct. Because molecules of polar solvents have a positive and a negative pole, polar solvents are excellent solvents for ions and for other polar materials.
Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size
protein, sucrose, glucose, water
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by one °C is defined as _____. ( Concept 3.2)
r: the specific heat of that substance
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have this in common
ribosomes
The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?
secondary structure. Both the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are localized regions of polypeptides held in a given structure by hydrogen bonds.
The "primary structure" of a protein refers to
sequence of amino acids. The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids held together by the peptide type of covalent bond.
A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from _____ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
six hydrogen, three carbon
The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____.
specific heat
In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?
starch. Starch is a glucose storage polymer in plants.
Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____.
stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L
Starch
storage polysaccharide found especially in certain plant tissues.
Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?
structural support and energy storage
Water has high specific heat. why?
substantial heat is required to raise the temp of water
Functional Group: cross-linking of cysteins in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair.
sulfhydryl
You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?
surface tension
A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4.
ten times as much
The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called the _____.
tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is determined by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups, ionic bonds between R groups, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges.
Adhesion is best described as _____
the clinging of one substance to another substance
The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _____
the heat of vaporization of that substance
In a 1-4 glycosidic linkage, _____.
the number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide
Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____
the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges
The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____. ( Concept 3.1)
the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule
Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____. ( Concept 3.2)
their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere
One characteristic shared by sucrose lactose and maltose is that>>
they are all disaccharides. a disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage.
Functional Group: name of comound
thiols
Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?
thymine and cytosine
At the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that the substances that made up living things were special and could not be synthesized by ordinary chemical methods. This now-discarded theory was called the theory of _____
vitalism. Vitalism is a belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws.
lakes do not freeze solid in winter because
water is denses at 4 degree celsius
