Biology- Chapter 22
Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?
microevolution
-During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally
-increased.
Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?
Heritability
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection?
Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.
Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?
There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.
An adaptation is _____. See Concept 22.2 (Page 469)
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page 475)
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
flipper
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation in anole lizards?
long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trunks
Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution? (Overview) See Concept 22.3 (Page 468)
the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans
In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
-Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. -There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur. - Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. -Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow.
-The data suggest that, over time, __ resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population.
-natural selection
-Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with __wings have a survival advantage.
-shorter
Jonathan Losos and colleagues conducted experiments on small, hurricane-swept islands as "natural laboratories." Which of the following statements is true?
-The legs of the anoles placed on the islands became shorter, and their offspring inherited shorter legs. -Experiments on the small islands show evidence for adaptation by natural selection but not for evolution. -There are many small islands with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations. -Natural selection can lead to rapid changes. - The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations. -Islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution.
What observations and evidence have Jonathan Losos and his colleagues gathered to support the theory of natural selection?
-DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types (twig, grass, etc.) evolved independently on each of the four large Caribbean islands. -On each of the four large Caribbean islands, Losos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types. -An anole lizard with a light-colored dewlap will develop a darker dewlap that stands out better in a bright environment. -When Losos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations.
No two species of anoles lizards living in the same geographical location have dewlaps of the same size, shape or color. Why?
-Differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together. -Female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps. -Male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females.
What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"?
-Natural selection acts on traits. -Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. -Natural selection favors some mutations.
Identify the four postulates of natural selection.
-Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. -Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. -Some trait differences are heritable. -Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.
Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.
-The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. -Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. -Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.
-In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were__ than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.
-longer
A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?
A and E
Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?
A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.
In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image?
A- The cat bone/wavy brown bone
Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?
Adaptation
The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page 475)
All of the above are correct.
DNA evidence suggests that anole lizard species from the four largest Caribbean islands are related as shown in the figure. Which statement is true?
Different body types evolved repeatedly and independently on each island.
What is the most important characteristic of anole lizard species that keeps members of one species from mating with members of another species?
Different species have differences in appearance, such as color or leg length.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally--decreased During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally---increased In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were__ than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.---longer -Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with wings have a survival advantage.
Drag the Group 1 labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the Group 2 labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.
Hypothesis 1 - data collected: The wing shapes of swallows killed on road differ from those of the general population. Hypothesis supported? No (probably not a factor) Hypothesis 2 - data collected: The total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time. Hypothesis supported? Yes (additional data may be needed) Hypothesis 3 - data collected: Avian scavengers did not increase during this time, and terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase. Hypothesis supported? Yes (additional data may be needed) Hypothesis 4 - data collected: Car traffic stayed the same or increased during this time. Hypothesis supported? Yes (additional data may be needed)
When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?
If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection?
Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.
Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?
Large hen, large rooster
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?
No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?
South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?
The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.
Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?
The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.
Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? See Concept 22.2 (Page 469)
The first and fourth answers are correct.
Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page 475)
The second and fourth answers are correct.
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?
They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
True
Mutations are always __________.
a change in an individual's DNA
-From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally
decreased.
From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. See Concept 22.2 (Page 469)
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
Charles Darwin _____. See Concept 22.2 (Page 469)
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? See Concept 22.2 (Page 474)
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's? See Concept 22.2 (Page 469)
Wallace
-Shorter wings are a(n) -adaptation- in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were __ in the general population.
adaptation, -already present