BIOLOGY - Chapter 30 - vocabulary and questions

If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her ability to maintain a stable body temperature be affected?

His heart would not be able to effectively pump the excess heat out towards the outer part of the body so it could escape and he may overheat.

What are the tiny air sacs in your lungs called and how many do we have?

alveoli, between 300-600 million

What kind of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

arteries

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen rich blood

arteries

What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

arteries, veins, and capillaries.

When you stand up after lying down, why do your heart rate and breathing rate increase?

because standing requires more energy and oxygen then lying down

Why can't you breathe through the mouth while you are swallowing food?

because your epiglottis closes your trachea so you will not ingest the food into your lungs

What organ is a muscular pump, about the size of your fist, that keeps the blood moving to every part of the body

heart

In red blood cells, what is the iron rich protein that most of the O2 molecules bind called?

hemoglobin

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

is a genetic disease that causes the lungs to produce a thick, sticky mucus. This mucus blocks the airways and allows microorganisms to thrive in the lungs.

the left ventricle is the largest chamber in the heart. how is this related to function.

it is the part of the heart that sends blood through the entire body so it needs to have the power to do that

what are the two smaller chambers of the heart

left and right atrium

What kind of blood vessels carry blood toward the heart from the rest of the body.

veins

When does blood become bright red?

when it is exposed to oxygen

what unique property do. cardiac muscle fibers have

when one fiber is stimulated to contravted they all contract

When is the pressure inside your lungs greater then the air pressure outside of your body?

when you exhale

What are the three principles of gas exchange in the lungs?

• O2 and CO2 are carried by the blood. • Gases move by diffusion—that is, they move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. • The lining of the alveoli must be moist to help gases diffuse.

Each molecule of hemoglobin binds with _____ O2 molecules

4

What two things does the respiratory system expel?

CO2 and water vapor

The blood leaving the alveoli carries almost ______ times the amount of ______ that it had coming into the lungs. In contrast, _______ concentrations are higher in the blood than in the alveoli.

3 times, 02, CO2

People poisoned by CO are often given 100 percent O2 in a room with two to three times normal atmospheric pressure. Explain why more oxygen would enter their blood under these conditions.

Because in order to diffuse into the alveoli the air pressure outside must be higher then inside.

Arteries and veins are equally distributed throughout the body. How does this arrangement help to maintain the functions of each cell?

Because veins carry oxygen poor blood away from organs and the arteries bring oxygen rich blood to the organ, so the cells remain in a homeostatic state

How does O2 move into the capillaries?

Blood entering these capillaries contains a lower concentration of O2 than does the air in the alveoli. As a result, the O2 diffuses from an area of high concentration in the alveoli to an area of low concentration in the capillaries

Where does gas exchange occur?

In the alveoli of the lungs

In addition to transporting vital supplies to the cells, what two other important functions to maintain homeostasis does the circulatory system perform?

It collects waste from digestion and moves it to the liver and kidneys and it helps maintain body temp by distributing heat that is made in the muscles and other internal organs

In what ways can respiratory diseases reduce the level of O2 in the blood?

Respiratory diseases can destroy the alveoli or constrict the bronchioles making it difficult to diffuse the O2 into the blood stream

How does smoking affect gas exchange?

Smoking coats the tissues with tar and other chemicals. This can kill the tissues and cause lung diseases.

Circulatory system

The human body system that contains the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells

What gives blood its reddish color?

The iron in hemoglobin

When does blood become more acidic?

When it has high CO2 levels

Explain how your breathing rate would change if your blood became more acidic.

Your breathing rate would increase because acidic blood means it is full of CO2, so you would breath faster to expel the CO2 and bring in the O2

What is Asthma?

a disease that causes the bronchioles to constrict due to muscle spasms. This condition makes it hard to move air in and out of the lungs.

what is the trachea?

a long structure made of soft tissue reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage. It resembles the hose of a vacuum cleaner and leads to your two bronchi

What is Emphysema?

a lung disorder caused mainly by smoking. Over time, many alveoli are which reduces the surface area for gas exchange so not enough oxygen can enter the blood

What are the tiny hairs in nose that filer dust and pathogens called?

cilia

When you inhale, the rib cage muscle __________ and the rib cage expands, and the diaphragm ________ and ___________

contract, flattens and moves down

What is the a dome-shaped muscle at the base of the rib cage called?

diaphragm

which artery in body carries oxygen poor blood

pulmonary artery

What type of cell that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to all of the body's cells.

red blood cells

When you exhale, the rib cage muscle __________ and the rib cage gets smaller, and the diaphragm ________ and ___________

relaxes, relaxes and moves up

The circulatory system works with the ___________ system to maintain homeostasis.

respiratory

what sends the signal for the first contraction in the heart

sinoatrial node - the hearts pacemaker

What is the leading cause of respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema?

smoking

This huge number of alveoli gives the lungs a massive _________________ for absorbing O2 and releasing CO2 and water vapor.

surface area

Respiratory System

the body system in which gas exchange takes place.

What structure, in the back of your throat, regulates airflow into the trachea. It closes when you swallow to keep food out of your airway

the epiglottis

What are the main parts of the circulatory system?

the heart, blood vessels, and the blood

Where is the only place in your body where gases in the blood are exchanged with gases in the atmosphere?

the lungs

Gas exchange is so critical to the body that it is an autonomic function regulated by what?

the medulla and pons in the brain stem

What are the entry points to the respiratory system?

the mouth and nose

what are the lung?

the organs that absorb O2 from the air you inhale

when the atria or the ventricles contract what do the valves do?

they open for blood flow

What are capillaries?

tiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cells of the body.

what do heart are heart valves used for

to prevent blood from flowing backwards