Biology- Chapter 5 "Mastering Biology Homework"

A food company hydrogenated a barrel of fat. The treatment ...

(a) made the fat less fluid.

Polymers that contain sugars ...

(a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy.(c) may protect cells

Triglycerides vary with respect to the number of ...

-C atoms in the tails. -double bonds in the tails.

What functional feature(s) does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?

-place to attach another small charged molecule -negative charge to interact with water

The presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ...

-rich in energy -insoluble in water.

How many molecules of water are released during the polymerization of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule?

19

How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?

2

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5'

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75

Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?

A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.

Which molecule is less soluble in water--a fat or a phospholipid? Why?

A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has.

Which molecule is a nucleotide?

ATP

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Glutamic Acid, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Tryptophan

Acidic: Glutamic Acid Neutral Polar: Tyrosine, Threonine Neutral Non-polar: Valine, Tryptophan

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

An oxygen

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Arginine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Alanine

Basic: Arginine Neutral Polar: Asparagine, glutamine Neutral Non-polar: Alanine

Classify these amino acids as acidic, basic, neutral polar, or neutral nonpolar. Lysine, Serine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Methionine

Basic: Lysine Neutral Polar: Serine Netral Non-polar: Methionine, Proline, Phenylalanine

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C18H32O16

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C60H102O51

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Carboxyl functional group

Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?

Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls

Select the statement that is incorrect.

Complex sugars are carbohydrates. *All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)nCn(H2O)n. Simple sugars are carbohydrates. Simple sugars contain only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____. See Concept 5.5 (Page 84)

DNA to RNA to protein

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.

Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

Which monomers make up RNA?

Nucleotides

Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?

Peptidoglycan

Sort these nucleotide building blocks by their name or classification.

Phosphate, ribose, deoxyribose, purine, pyrimidine

______structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Primary

Sort the images according to the level of structure in the proteins shown.

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

Identify the level(s) of protein structure present in this molecule.

Primary, secondary, teritary, quaternary

There are four levels of protein structure. These figures show primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure. Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds?

Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

Proteins

structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

Quaternary

These figures show the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Which level of protein structure is characteristic of some, but not all, proteins?

Quaternary level of protein structure

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA

structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain.

Secondary

What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose?

Starch and cellulose differ in the glycosidic linkages between their glucose monomers.

Which feature of large biological molecules explains their great diversity?

The many ways that monomers of each class of biological molecule can be combined into polymers

What could happen if a mutation in a gene caused a hydrophobic amino acid in a polypeptide to be replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid?

The new amino acid would not form the same interactions with hydrophobic R groups, and the protein's shape would likely be affected.

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.

Your body contains tens of thousands of different proteins, each with a specific structure and function. The unique three-dimensional shape of each of these diverse proteins is based on several superimposed levels of structure. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of proteins?

The primary structure of a protein is the order of amino acids in a polypeptide, as coded for in the DNA of a gene.

What do DNA, proteins, and fats have in common?

They contain carbonyl groups.

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true?

They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

Glycogen is _____.

a polysaccharide found in animals

Protein polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

amino acid

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

amylose

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a

carbohydrate

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

carbohydrate

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____. See Concept 5.2 (Page 70)

cellulose

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

cellulose

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

cellulose

Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?

chitin

Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease. See Concept 5.3 (Page 72)

contain fewer double bonds

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide.

deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a _______, because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

disaccharide

Sort the parts of a nucleic acid according to whether each occurs exclusively in DNA, exclusively in RNA, or in both types of nucleic acid.

exclusively DNA, both DNA and RNA, exclusively RNA

Which of the following is not a polymer?

glucose

The highlighted part of this molecule is derived from ...

glycerol

In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________.

glycerol; water

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____. See Concept 5.2 (Page 68)

glycosidic linkage

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis

What holds phospholipids together in a bilayer formation?

hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water

In the reaction that builds a fat,________ groups react with ________ groups.

hydroxyl; carboxyl

Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?

lipid

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _____.

monosaccharide

cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

monosaccharide

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____. See Concept 5.3 (Page 72)

none of them dissolves in water

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ______ monomers.

nucleotide

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____. See Concept 5.5 (Page 84)

nucleotides

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein? See Concept 5.4 (Page 78)

on the inside of the folded chain, away from water

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

phospholipid

Which of these images shows the correct orientation of phospholipids in a biological membrane?

phospholipids in a biological membrane

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a

polysaccharide

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the

primary level

The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____. See Concept 5.1 (Page 67)

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein?

ribbon looking

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

saturated fat

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____. See Concept 5.4 (Page 78)

secondary structure ... hydrogen bonds

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ______ monomers.

simple sugar

structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

tertiary

What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?

the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

The most unsaturated fats have ...

the most double bonds.

The difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is ________.

the position of the carbonyl group

True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

true

True or false? Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

true

A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____. See Concept 5.1 (Page 67)

water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers