Biology Chapter 6

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.

Glucose, carbon dioxide

A horse eating some hay is an example of ________.

a consumer eating a producer

From what food can reactants of glycolysis be derived?

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

The molecules needed for photosynthesis are __________ and __________.

carbon dioxide ... water

What molecules belong in spaces E and F?

carbon dioxide and water

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?

carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism

Which are products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The figure above shows that ________.

cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

The electron transport chain of cellular respiration is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells?

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________.

use molecules in the air as a major source of carbon

Which of the following is an autotroph?

a magnolia tree

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?

fermentation

In an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one glucose.

fewer than 50

ATP synthase plays a role in ______.

generating ATP

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

oxygen

Examine the figure above. Which reactant(s) primarily come(s) from the air?

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the electron transport chain, the Citric Acid cycle

A product of glycolysis is ______.

pyruvic acid

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

10

In the absence of oxygen the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule during glycolysis is approximately __________.

2 ATPs

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

Structure A is _____.

ATP synthase

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

Ethyl Alcohol

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2

A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. What other energy carrier(s) that can be used to synthesize more ATP is/are also generated during these processes?

NADH and FADH2

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Aerobic metabolism always requires _____.

Oxygen

What molecule is indicated by the letter D?

Oxygen

__________ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules.

Photosynthesis

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called __________, and those that do not require oxygen are called__________.

aerobic ... anaerobic

What process occurs within Box B?

citric acid cycle

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?

cytosol

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose ... enzymes

What molecules belong in space A and B?

glucose and oxygen

Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?

glycolysis

The only stage of cell respiration that is not dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ________.

glycolysis

What process occurs in Box A?

glycolysis

Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?

glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Plant cells ________.

have chloroplasts and mitochondria

Humans are both ________.

heterotrophs and consumers

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.

insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

The main function of cellular respiration is __________.

making ATP to power cell activities

Electron transport takes place in the ______.

mitochondria

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

What organelle is indicated by the letter C?

mitochondrion

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

photosynthesis

What process occurs in structure H?

photosynthesis

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.

produce ATP without O2

Because plants can perform photosynthesis, they are called __________.

producers

Photosynthetic organisms are ________.

producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.

produces ATP

Plants use photosynthesis to ________.

store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.

sun

If the amount of oxygen required by your muscles during a workout exceeds your aerobic capacity, your muscle cells will __________.

switch to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid

Examine the figure above. Most of the organic matter in the tree shown in the figure comes from ________.

the air

Glycolysis results in ________.

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.

the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

two

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

two ATP

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

An important end product of cellular respiration is __________.

water

At the end of the electron transport chain the electrons are taken up by oxygen to generate __________.

water

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.

water and carbon dioxide