Biology Chapter 7 Second Unit of Class

Watson and Crick were able to use______ about proportions of bases in DNA and the pattern revealed by Franklin's______ to deduce and build a model showing the double helical structure of DNA.

"Chargaff's rule"; X-ray diffraction

Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes.

- In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. - In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule.

Select all of the following that are true about codons.

- They correspond to one amino acid. - They are composed of three mRNA bases.

Select all of the following organisms that have introns in their primary mRNA transcripts.

- eukaryotes - animals - archaea

Select all the stages of transcription.

- initiation - elongation - termination

Select all of the following that are genes.

- sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein - sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule

Select all the roles of proteins in cells.

- speed up chemical reactions - transport substances across membranes - form scaffolds that support the cell - move materials within cells

In the "central dogma" describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called_____ , and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called_____

- transcription - translation

Select all of the following that are actions of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

- unzip the DNA to expose the template strand - build an mRNA chain - attach to the promoter on DNA

Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate.

-They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. -DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides.

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.

-phosphorus-containing groups -nitrogen-containing base -sugar

Arrange the events of transcription in the order that they occur, beginning with the first event at the top.

1- RNA Polymerase binds to the genes promotor 2- RNA Polymerase moves down the DNA template strand, producing a complementary RNA molecule 3- RNA Polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released

During transcription, RNA nucleotide bases bind with the exposed complementary bases on the template strand of

DNA

What describes the template strand in transcription?

DNA sequence that is transcribed to RNA

Hershey and Chase showed that the part of a virus that could enter bacterial cells and cause the production of more viruses was

DNA.

Erwin Chargaff

Determined that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a specific protein or______.

RNA molecule

Gene expression is the production of a functional______ or a______.

RNA molecule; protein

During transcription, what enzyme attaches to the promoter, unzips the DNA double helix, and adds complementary RNA nucleotides?

RNA polymerase

initiation

RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter.

elongation

RNA polymerase moves down the template strand, adding nucleotides and producing a complementary RNA molecule.

termination

RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray diffraction to determine that DNA has a regular, repeating structure of building blocks

James Watson and Francis Crick

Used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray diffraction data to build a ball-and-stick model of the DNA double helix

What scientists built a model revealing that the structure of DNA is a double helix?

Watson and Crick

Bacterial genomes normally consist of______ chromosome(s), whereas eukaryotic genomes are normally made up of______ chromosome(s).

a single circular; multiple linear

The term genome refers to

all the genetic material in an organism's cell.

The genome of what type of organism typically consists of one circular DNA molecule?

bacterium

What is a discrete package of DNA and its associated proteins?

chromosome

In an RNA molecule, a(n)______ is a genetic "code word" that corresponds to one amino acid.

codon

DNA has a______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of______.

double; nucleotides

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, radioactively-labeled sulfur was found in the______ within one test tube, while radioactively-labeled phosphorus was found in the______ within the other test tube, indicating that Blank______ was the genetic material.

fluid; bacterial cells; DNA

A______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

gene

The storage and maintenance of DNA in cells is important because DNA contains many______ that code for______, which are molecules that perform many essentials roles in cells.

genes; proteins

An organism's genome is all of the______ in one of its cell.

genetic material

When Griffith mixed together live strain R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice died, and______ bacteria were isolated from the mice, indicating that something could pass between cells and transform them.

live S strain

Subunits called______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930.

nucleotides

A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is that in eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear and are housed within an organelle called the.....

nucleus

The______ is a sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene and is the site where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.

promoter

In the "central dogma," information flows from DNA to RNA to

proteins.

In his experiments with S. pneumoniae bacteria and mice, Frederich Griffith found that

something in heat-killed S bacteria could transform type R bacteria.

The promoter is a sequence on the______ that signals the start of a gene.

template strand of DNA

A specific sequence on the DNA called a(n)______ sequence signals the end of a gene during transcription.

terminator

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to

the promoter.

When RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence,______ is complete, RNA polymerase separates from the DNA template, and the newly produced______ is released.

transcription; RNA strand

A DNA molecule consists of______ of repeating______ subunits that form a double helix structure resembling a twisted ladder.

two strands; nucleotide