Biology Chapter 8

Homologous chromosomes

2 chromosomes of such a matching pair

Sister Chromatid

2 copies of chromosomes

Surgery and radiation

2 ways to get rid of tumors

Autosomes

22 pairs

Homologous Chromosomes

23 pairs of chromosomes which half of them comes from your father and the other half come from your mother.

Leukemia

A broad term covering a number of diseases that originate in immature white blood cells within a blood or bone marrow

Checkpoint

A critical point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

Cell cycle control system

A cynically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.

92

A human bone marrow cell in the prophase stage of mitosis contains 46 chromosomes. Therefore, there are a total of __________ sister chromatids in this cell.

Tumor

A mass of abnormally growing cells within a otherwise normal tissue

Somatic cell

A normal body cell with 46 chromosomes

G0

A permanently non dividing state after not receiving a go-ahead signal from a growth factor

Transformed cell

A process that coverts s normal cell to a cancer cell

Growth factor

A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.

Signal transduction

A series of protein molecules that conveys a message

Signal transduction pathway

A series of protein molecules that conveys a message that leads to cell division.

Cleavage Furrow

A shallow groove in the cell surface that is first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cel

Prokaryote Chromosome

A singular circular DNA molecule

Cancer

An individual with a malignant tumor

Karyotype

An ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs

Gametes

An organisms reproductive cell

Anchorage dependence

Animals cells exhibit this. It is being in contact with a solid surface, such as a the inside of w culture dish, to divide.

G2 and M

At which of the 3 checkpoints do the chromosomes dust as duplicated sister chromatids?

Chromosomes

Before a parent cell splits into 2 it duplicates its

Defective cell cycle control systems

Cancer cells have ____ that proceed past checkpoints even in the absence of growth factors

Prokaryotes

Cells without a membrane or nucleus

Anaphase 1

Centromeres don't split. Homologous pie separated. Still have replicated chromosomes. Still diploid

Interphase

Chromosomes are diffused like yarn.

Telophase 1

Chromosomes go to poles, replicated chromosomes. Are haploid because here's only 1 copy of cells.

Autosomes

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex

Prophase 1

Condense

Binary Fission

Consists of 3 stages that eventually split a cell in half into 2 daughter cells.

Radiation

Damages DNA in cancer cells more than it does in normal cells because

Cell plate

Developed in a plant cell through vesicles collecting at the middle of the parent cell thus completing the final stage of cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasmic material

Kayokinesis

Division of nuclear material. Occurs in mitosis and meiosis

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

Mitotic Phase

Division of the nucleus, genetic material and everything else

Oncologist

Doctors who treat cancer

24

How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?

46

How many chromosomes do humans have

G1

In most cells, the ___ checkpoint is the most important in cell division

Sexual Reproduction

Produces offspring that are similar to the parents but show variations or traits and inheritance. Ex: humans and animals

Asexual Reproduction

Producing organisms that are identical to the original cell. Happens in unicellular and multifellular organisms. Ex: bacteria, starfish and plants

Prometaphase

Second stage of Mitosis

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg). Has half of the total amount of cells a person has

Germ Cells

Special cells in ovaries in women, testes in men.

Intercellular signals

___ detected by the control system tell the system whether key cellular processes up to each check point have been completed.

Proteins

____ of the cell cycle control system must trigger the separation of sister chromatids that marks the start of anaphase

Germ cells

______ only goes through meiosis

Vascular endothelial

_______ ________ growth factor stimulates the growth of new blood vessels during fetal development and after injury. If it is overproduced, it is seen as the hallmark of many dangerous cancers

Chromosomes

the structures that contain most of the cell's DNA

Metaphase 2

Paired chromosomes line up in the middle as a single file

S

Duplication of a chromosome

Telophase

Fifth phase of Mitosis when the chromosomes are moving and go to opposite ends of the cell and eventually stop moving.

Prophase

First stage of Mitosis is where the cell is being prepared for the process of mitotic division.

Anaphase

Fourth stage of Mitosis when each end is pulled to each end of the cell and the centromeres split

G1

Growth and increase in a cytoplasm

G2

Growth and reproduction

Crossing over

Happens in tetras formation. It is the production of of new combination of genes.

Zygote

Has one set of homologous chromosomes from each parent and is diploid

Malignant tumor

Has the potential to spread and cause harm to other organs in the body

Diploid

Have both homologous sets of chromosomes

Haploid

Have just 1 set of chromosomes

Haploid

Have one set of homologous chromosomes

2 sets of chromosomes

Having _____ from each parent is a key factor I. The life cycle of all species that reproduce sexually

Interkinesis

Interphase between Meiosis 1 and 2

G1, M and G2

Major checkpoints in the cell cycle

2

Meiosis occurs in __ rounds

M

Mitosis takes part in the _ phase

Eukaryotic Cells

More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells

Growth factors

Most type of mammalian cells divide in culture only if certain specific __________ are included

Prophase 2

No crossing over.

Benign tumor

Not a harmful tumor

Telophase 2

Nuclear membrane is forming

Chromatin

One long DNA, composed of proteins that help maintain structure and controls activity of the genes

Anchorage dependence

One of the characteristics that distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells is their failure to exhibit

Sex Chromosomes

One pair of X and Y or X and X.

XX

Pair of female chromosomes

XY

Pair of male chromosomes

Random Fertilization

The combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability

Outside of the cell

The control system can receive messages from ____

Interphase

The duplication of everything that's in a cell

Fertilization

The fuse between a sperm and an egg

Tetrad

The homologous pairs find each other and move through the next few steps together. 2 replicated chromosomes lined up together so the genes are next.

Locus

The location of a gene

Growth Factor

The main signals

Centromere

The narrow "waist" that joins chromatids together

Metaphase 1

The pair is lining up on the metaphase plate. Big ones are together, small ones are together. Still replicated.

Chiasma

The point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis.

Locus

The position of the gene

Independent orientation

The possibility of arrangement

Life cycle

The sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells behind their original site

Mitosis

The type of cell division responsible for growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms for sexual reproduction. From when a cell is first formed, the length of time it goes from 1 cell to 2 cells

Fertilizatoon

The union of sperm and cell

Metaphase

Third stage of Mitosis when the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell. You know they're in a line by keeping track of the centromeres. The cells are the most condensed

Personalized treatment

To identify and administer drugs that have the best chance of success in combating a given tumors specific genetic profile.

Mature nerve and nerve cells

Types of cells that are in the G0 phase

Reproduction

What function does cell division play in amoeba?

Growth and repair

What functions does it cell division play in your body?

The mitotic spindle would not form.

What would be the immediate consequence of destroying a cell's centrosomes?

Interphase

When a cell is not divided yet. The longest part of the cell cycle

G1

When examining cells in the laboratory, you notice that a particular cell has half as much DNA as the surrounding cells. It appears that this cell's cell cycle halted at checkpoint _____