Biology Chapter 8
Homologous chromosomes
2 chromosomes of such a matching pair
Sister Chromatid
2 copies of chromosomes
Surgery and radiation
2 ways to get rid of tumors
Autosomes
22 pairs
Homologous Chromosomes
23 pairs of chromosomes which half of them comes from your father and the other half come from your mother.
Leukemia
A broad term covering a number of diseases that originate in immature white blood cells within a blood or bone marrow
Checkpoint
A critical point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
Cell cycle control system
A cynically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
92
A human bone marrow cell in the prophase stage of mitosis contains 46 chromosomes. Therefore, there are a total of __________ sister chromatids in this cell.
Tumor
A mass of abnormally growing cells within a otherwise normal tissue
Somatic cell
A normal body cell with 46 chromosomes
G0
A permanently non dividing state after not receiving a go-ahead signal from a growth factor
Transformed cell
A process that coverts s normal cell to a cancer cell
Growth factor
A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
Signal transduction
A series of protein molecules that conveys a message
Signal transduction pathway
A series of protein molecules that conveys a message that leads to cell division.
Cleavage Furrow
A shallow groove in the cell surface that is first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cel
Prokaryote Chromosome
A singular circular DNA molecule
Cancer
An individual with a malignant tumor
Karyotype
An ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs
Gametes
An organisms reproductive cell
Anchorage dependence
Animals cells exhibit this. It is being in contact with a solid surface, such as a the inside of w culture dish, to divide.
G2 and M
At which of the 3 checkpoints do the chromosomes dust as duplicated sister chromatids?
Chromosomes
Before a parent cell splits into 2 it duplicates its
Defective cell cycle control systems
Cancer cells have ____ that proceed past checkpoints even in the absence of growth factors
Prokaryotes
Cells without a membrane or nucleus
Anaphase 1
Centromeres don't split. Homologous pie separated. Still have replicated chromosomes. Still diploid
Interphase
Chromosomes are diffused like yarn.
Telophase 1
Chromosomes go to poles, replicated chromosomes. Are haploid because here's only 1 copy of cells.
Autosomes
Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex
Prophase 1
Condense
Binary Fission
Consists of 3 stages that eventually split a cell in half into 2 daughter cells.
Radiation
Damages DNA in cancer cells more than it does in normal cells because
Cell plate
Developed in a plant cell through vesicles collecting at the middle of the parent cell thus completing the final stage of cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasmic material
Kayokinesis
Division of nuclear material. Occurs in mitosis and meiosis
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Mitotic Phase
Division of the nucleus, genetic material and everything else
Oncologist
Doctors who treat cancer
24
How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?
46
How many chromosomes do humans have
G1
In most cells, the ___ checkpoint is the most important in cell division
Sexual Reproduction
Produces offspring that are similar to the parents but show variations or traits and inheritance. Ex: humans and animals
Asexual Reproduction
Producing organisms that are identical to the original cell. Happens in unicellular and multifellular organisms. Ex: bacteria, starfish and plants
Prometaphase
Second stage of Mitosis
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm and egg). Has half of the total amount of cells a person has
Germ Cells
Special cells in ovaries in women, testes in men.
Intercellular signals
___ detected by the control system tell the system whether key cellular processes up to each check point have been completed.
Proteins
____ of the cell cycle control system must trigger the separation of sister chromatids that marks the start of anaphase
Germ cells
______ only goes through meiosis
Vascular endothelial
_______ ________ growth factor stimulates the growth of new blood vessels during fetal development and after injury. If it is overproduced, it is seen as the hallmark of many dangerous cancers
Chromosomes
the structures that contain most of the cell's DNA
Metaphase 2
Paired chromosomes line up in the middle as a single file
S
Duplication of a chromosome
Telophase
Fifth phase of Mitosis when the chromosomes are moving and go to opposite ends of the cell and eventually stop moving.
Prophase
First stage of Mitosis is where the cell is being prepared for the process of mitotic division.
Anaphase
Fourth stage of Mitosis when each end is pulled to each end of the cell and the centromeres split
G1
Growth and increase in a cytoplasm
G2
Growth and reproduction
Crossing over
Happens in tetras formation. It is the production of of new combination of genes.
Zygote
Has one set of homologous chromosomes from each parent and is diploid
Malignant tumor
Has the potential to spread and cause harm to other organs in the body
Diploid
Have both homologous sets of chromosomes
Haploid
Have just 1 set of chromosomes
Haploid
Have one set of homologous chromosomes
2 sets of chromosomes
Having _____ from each parent is a key factor I. The life cycle of all species that reproduce sexually
Interkinesis
Interphase between Meiosis 1 and 2
G1, M and G2
Major checkpoints in the cell cycle
2
Meiosis occurs in __ rounds
M
Mitosis takes part in the _ phase
Eukaryotic Cells
More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells
Growth factors
Most type of mammalian cells divide in culture only if certain specific __________ are included
Prophase 2
No crossing over.
Benign tumor
Not a harmful tumor
Telophase 2
Nuclear membrane is forming
Chromatin
One long DNA, composed of proteins that help maintain structure and controls activity of the genes
Anchorage dependence
One of the characteristics that distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells is their failure to exhibit
Sex Chromosomes
One pair of X and Y or X and X.
XX
Pair of female chromosomes
XY
Pair of male chromosomes
Random Fertilization
The combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability
Outside of the cell
The control system can receive messages from ____
Interphase
The duplication of everything that's in a cell
Fertilization
The fuse between a sperm and an egg
Tetrad
The homologous pairs find each other and move through the next few steps together. 2 replicated chromosomes lined up together so the genes are next.
Locus
The location of a gene
Growth Factor
The main signals
Centromere
The narrow "waist" that joins chromatids together
Metaphase 1
The pair is lining up on the metaphase plate. Big ones are together, small ones are together. Still replicated.
Chiasma
The point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis.
Locus
The position of the gene
Independent orientation
The possibility of arrangement
Life cycle
The sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells behind their original site
Mitosis
The type of cell division responsible for growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms for sexual reproduction. From when a cell is first formed, the length of time it goes from 1 cell to 2 cells
Fertilizatoon
The union of sperm and cell
Metaphase
Third stage of Mitosis when the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell. You know they're in a line by keeping track of the centromeres. The cells are the most condensed
Personalized treatment
To identify and administer drugs that have the best chance of success in combating a given tumors specific genetic profile.
Mature nerve and nerve cells
Types of cells that are in the G0 phase
Reproduction
What function does cell division play in amoeba?
Growth and repair
What functions does it cell division play in your body?
The mitotic spindle would not form.
What would be the immediate consequence of destroying a cell's centrosomes?
Interphase
When a cell is not divided yet. The longest part of the cell cycle
G1
When examining cells in the laboratory, you notice that a particular cell has half as much DNA as the surrounding cells. It appears that this cell's cell cycle halted at checkpoint _____
