Biology chapter 8,9,10, & 11
Which of the following are events that occur during meiosis, but not during mitosis? Select all that apply.
Crossing over occurs. Tetrads form. Homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and are separated into different daughter cells.
Which of these methods are used in DNA profiling? Select all that apply.
Full genome sequencing STR analysis SNP-chip analysis
Which phase of interphase is characterized by a period of cell growth and the production of molecules for DNA replication?
G1
What are potential benefits provided by the genetic modification of animals? Select all that apply.
Understanding the functions of human genes The production of molecules with medical and industrial applications The potential to study mutations associated with genetic diseases without human testing
A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are found in __________________ cells, but not in ___________________ cells.
eukaryotic prokaryotic
Mendel's particulate factors that are passed on through the process of inheritance are now known to be the _______________.
genes
The ______________ lists the specific alleles that make up the genome of an individual.
genotype
In ____________________________ , one allele is NOT fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is _____________________________________________________________________ .
incomplete dominance an intermediate blend between the two homozygous phenotypes
In what phase of the cell cycle does a typical cell spend most of its life?
interphase
The likelihood of any sperm cell reaching and fertilizing any egg cell _____________________. This phenomenon is known as ______________________.
is approximately equal random fertilization
In a pedigree, the relationships between individual family members are represented as __________________ . Individuals who have the studied trait are represented by _______________________________.
lines filled polygons
In sexual reproduction, ___________________ produce genetically diverse __________________ .
meiosis and mitosis haploid gametes
Chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the cell during _____.
metaphase
During which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes aligned midway between the spindle poles?
metaphase
During _____________________, a diploid cell undergoes genome duplication and a single division producing two ___________________ daughter cells.
mitosis diploid
Which of the following genotypes is indicative of an individual who is homozygous for a recessive allele?
pp
Which of the following occurs in prophase?
the nuclear envelope breaks down
Which energy source fuels cell division in animal cells?
ATP
Which of these are examples of genetic engineering? Select all that apply.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a modified drought tolerance gene used to transform a corn plant that was previously drought susceptible Insertion of genes associated with human insulin gene production into a line of E. coli bacteria
What characterizes the independent assortment of genes into gametes?
Alleles of a gene will have no influence on alleles of another gene in terms of which ones get sorted into gametes.
What role do the restriction enzymes play in DNA cloning?
Allowing the amplified gene to be inserted into the vector
Which of the following statements about X-linked recessive patterns is true?
An affected father can never pass an X-linked recessive allele to a son.
What is a genome?
An organism's complete set of genetic material
In which stage of meiosis is the chromosome number halved?
Anaphase I
Which of the following is an example of environmental impacts on the expression of traits?
Animal coat color shifts in response to seasonal changes in day length and temperature.
Which of the following would you expect to be the outcome of a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous male and a homozygous recessive female for a single trait (given a sufficiently large number of offspring)?
Approximately 50% of the offspring will express the dominant phenotype.
In a pedigree, affected individuals are usually represented in which of the following ways?
As filled-in shapes
Which of the following genotypes is possible for an individual with brown eyes? Select all that apply.
BB Bb
In this cross, what would be the genotype of any potential offspring?
Bb
Which of the following best describes metaphase of mitosis?
Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate
What occurs during the prophase stage of mitosis?
Chromosomes pack tightly and become attached to a newly forming spindle.
The distribution of the data in a graph showing the relative abundance of human height phenotypes follows a bell-shaped curve. This bell-shaped curve is indicative of which of the following?
Continuous variation
Which of the following is NOT true of crossing over?
Crossing over can occur only once per pair of homologous chromosomes.
Which of the following is defined as the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
What do horizontal rows represent in a pedigree?
Generations
Which of the following is not a phase of mitosis?
Interphase
How does Luxturna treat blindness in patients?
Luxturna contains a virus that introduces a nonmutant RPE65 gene, which allows the eyes to function correctly.
Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? Select all that apply.
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase
_______________ is a nuclear division mechanism that maintains the ________________________.
Mitosis chromosome number
What condition results from the fusion of a normal gamete (n) and a gamete missing a chromosome (n - 1)?
Monosomy
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fail-safe mechanism that prevents the irregular cell divisions characteristic of cancer.
Mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
Which of the following are an organism's observable traits known as?
Phenotype
Which of the following best describes the annealing step of PCR?
Primers form hydrogen bonds with DNA sequences.
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes form pairs?
Prophase I
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
In this example, which gene was cloned?
RED
During the ________________ phase of the cell cycle the DNA synthesis and chromosomal duplication takes place.
S
Which of the following is a method of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence?
Sequencing
What is a one-nucleotide DNA sequence variation carried by a measurable percentage of a population called?
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Which of the following best describes anaphase II of meiosis?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
assume that for trait A, A is fully dominant to a. Which of the following could be said of the results of a monohybrid cross between a male that is heterozygous (Aa) and a female that is also heterozygous (Aa)? Select all that apply.
Some offspring may express the recessive phenotype. Some offspring may express the dominant phenotype.
What is a potential risk of genetically modified plants?
Spread of recombinant DNA into weeds and wild plants in the environment
What encompasses the field of genomics? Select all that apply.
Surveys of small-scale variations in sequences Structural analysis of gene products Comparisons of whole genomes
Which of these are steps of the polymerase chain reaction? Select all that apply.
Taq polymerase begins DNA synthesis at the primers, producing complementary strands of the targeted DNA sequence. DNA with a targeted sequence is mixed with primers, nucleotides, and heat-tolerant Taq polymerase. Cycles of heating and cooling allow for the repeated separation, polymerase binding, and replication of the targeted DNA sequence. The mixture is heated and double-stranded DNA separates into single strands. Cooling of the mixture allows the primers to base-pair with the DNA at opposite ends of the targeted sequence.
Which of the following lists all the necessary components of a PCR reaction mix?
Template DNA, nucleotides, buffer, primers, Taq polymerase
Biologists commonly represent genotypes using letters. Consider a gene that codes for eye-color. Two alleles for this gene exist in a population, B, which encodes brown eyes, and b, which encodes blue eyes. Based on what you have learned about genetic notation, which allele is likely to be dominant to the other allele?
The brown eye allele is likely dominant to the blue eye allele.
Which event occurs during interphase?
The cell doubles its cytoplasmic contents.
Which of the following is true for both meiosis and mitosis?
The genome is duplicated before mitosis or meiosis occurs.
Which of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer?
The mutations in oncogenes increase the activity or number of molecules that stimulate mitosis, leading to irregular cell division.
Which of the following defines a genotype?
The particular set of alleles that is carried in an individual's chromosomes
What is gene therapy?
The transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body cells, with the intent to correct a genetic disorder or treat a disease
Which of the following are characteristics of benign tumors? Select all that apply.
They stay in their home tissue. They are slow growing.
In fertilization, _________________ fuse to produce a __________________ .
a male gamete and a female gamete zygote
Division of the cytoplasm in animal cells begins _____.
as a cleavage furrow is created by microfilaments in the cell's midsection
The ploidy of the cells produced after telophase I is _____________ the ploidy of the original cell
different than
Cells with two of each kind of chromosome are _____.
diploid
During plant cell cytokinesis, a network of parallel microtubules condenses around the __________________ . This becomes a site of expansion of the _________________ , which fuses with the plasma membrane and partitions the cytoplasm into two cells.
future plane of division cell plate
In the example in the narrative, gene therapy is used to treat which kind of illness?
genetic disorder
Before meiosis begins, a diploid cell has two copies of each ____________________. During anaphase II of meiosis, ______________ are separated.
homologous chromosome sister chromatids
An individual with the same allele of a gene on both homologous chromosomes is _____________________ for the allele. An individual with different alleles of a gene is ________________________ for the allele.
homozygous heterozygous
In order to determine which bacteria have taken up the ________________, _____________________ is added to the plate on which the bacteria are grown.
recombinant plasmid an antibiotic
Pairs of duplicated chromosomes produced during S phase are called ______.
sister chromatids
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes arrive at opposite sides of the cell?
telophase
Nuclear envelopes reform during _____.
telophase
In mitosis, _____.
the chromosome number stays the same
In the pedigree presented in the narrative, how many children resulted from the marriage represented at the top of the image?
three
Following a single round of mitosis and cytokinesis for one cell, how many daughter cells are produced?
two
The cell plate in dividing plant cells is composed of _____.
vesicles with wall-building materials
Which genotype is indicative of the carriers of a trait associated with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?
Bb
Which of these methods is the most predictable, reliable, and specific in its ability to modify an organism for a target gene?
CRISPR insertion of the target gene into the organism's chromosome.
Which of the following is the proper sequence for mitosis? I.metaphase II.telophase III.prophase IV.anaphase
III I IV II
The concept that the distribution of one chromosome does not affect the distribution of any other chromosome during meiosis is known as which of the following?
Independent assortment
A parent cell with 12 chromosomes will produce daughter cells with _____ chromosomes by mitosis.
12
After 7 cycles of PCR, approximately how many copies of the sequence of interest are present in the reaction mixture? (Assume that there was 1 copy to begin with.)
128
Use a Punnett square to answer the following questions. Assume that the B allele is completely dominant to the b allele, and phenotypes are determined as described in the narrative. If a homozygous dominant plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant, what ratio of the potential offspring will have blue flowers to potential offspring with white flowers?
1:0 blue to white
If an individual is homozygous dominant for a given allele (AA), what allele will be carried by that individual's gametes?
A
What is the polymerase chain reaction or PCR?
A biomolecular method that rapidly generates many copies of a specific section of DNA
Which of the following are stages in the cytokinesis of animal cells? Select all that apply.
A contractile ring of microfilaments and motor proteins forms under the plasma membrane during anaphase. After telophase, the contractile ring constricts the plasma membrane and forms a cleavage furrow. The contractile ring reaches its smallest diameter, and the spindle microtubules are cut as vesicles form the new membranes that separate the two new cells.
In the narrative in the narrative, what causes blindness in affected individuals?
A mutation in both copies of the gene RPE65.
Which of the following defines polygenic inheritance?
A pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect one trait
What are the steps of DNA cloning? Select all that apply.
A restriction enzyme cuts a specific nucleotide sequence in chromosomal DNA and in a plasmid cloning vector. DNA ligase joins the cut DNA fragments of chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA at their sticky ends, forming a recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is inserted into a host bacterial cell and then replicates when the cell reproduces.
Which of the following is a term for chromosomes that are the same size, the same shape, a similar location of the centromere, and have the same genes at the same locations?
Homologous chromosomes
Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?
It does not require a partner.
What does a phenotype ratio of 3:1 among offspring in a monohybrid cross indicate?
It indicates that the alleles governing the phenotypes have a dominant-recessive relationship.
What are ways that DNA can be introduced into human cells for gene therapy? Select all that apply.
Nanoparticles Electrical pulses Lipid clusters Direct injection
Which of the following processes leads to aneuploidy, the condition of having too many or too few copies of a particular chromosome? Select all that apply.
Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis Nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis
What do the letters on the outside of a Punnett square represent?
The genotype of the parents
Of the following steps to make recombinant DNA, which step occurs immediately after a restriction enzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences?
The restriction enzyme cuts DNA at the recognition sites into fragments with single-stranded tails called sticky ends.
assume that for trait A, A is fully dominant to a. In which of the following crosses would you expect all resultant offspring to have the same genotype and phenotype. Select all that apply.
aa x aa AA x aa AA x AA
Sister chromatids detach from one another and become visibly separate chromosomes during _____.
anaphase
