Biology Chapter4 Thinking Critically
The light microscope can magnify specimens by at most ______ times and can resolve details down to about the size of _______. ANSWER 1,000: 0.2 µm 1,000: 200 µm 100: 200 µm 100: 1 mm 10,000: 1 µm
1,000: 0.2 µm
Bloom's level: Applying/Analyzing 4.1 One meter consists of _____ millimeters and _____centimeters. How many millimeters are in one centimeter? SHOW HINT 100: 10: 1,000 1,000: 100: 10 1,000: 10: 10 100: 10: 10
1,000: 100: 10
Jonah has consumed too much alcohol on a regular basis for many years. While celebrating his graduation from skydiving school, he cut his foot on a broken beer bottle and developed an infection. Over the next two weeks, several antibiotics proved ineffective and his infection grew worse. Why might this have happened? ANSWER Jonah's high levels of detoxifying enzymes made the antibiotics less effective. Jonah's low levels of detoxifying enzymes made the antibiotics less effective. Jonah was weakened by his dissolute lifestyle. High alcohol exposure had increased Jonah's sensitivity to antibiotics, and he became resistant. The residual alcohol in Jonah's body fought against the antibiotics, weakening their effect.
Jonah's high levels of detoxifying enzymes made the antibiotics less effective
In which of the following ways do lysosomes workwithin animal cells? SHOW HINT Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles, digest food, and release nutrients into the bloodstream. Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles, digest food, and release nutrients into the cytosol. Lysosomes circulate in the blood, where they digest food particles. Lysosomes contain detoxifying enzymes that convert some substances to less harmful ones.
Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles, digest food, and release nutrients into the cytosol.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. Perioxosomes contain H2O2. Both the digestive enzymes and H2O2 can kill cells. How is it possible that cells can contain toxic substances without being damaged? ANSWER Membranes isolate substances into separate compartments. Membranes allow substances to move between compartments. Many cells are, in fact, killed, but enough survive to do their jobs. Cells generally do not contain substances to which they are vulnerable. Most cells contain buffers against substances like digestive enzymes and H2O2
Membranes isolate substances into separate compartments.
Lysosomal storage diseases are rare in the general population. Why? SHOW HINT Excess lysosomal enzymes attack the reproductive system. Such diseases are usually fatal in early childhood. People with such diseases rarely reproduce. These diseases are not contagious.
Such diseases are usually fatal in early childhood.
The genes for actin are said to be highly conserved. What does this mean? SHOW HINT The actin gene is relatively easy to identify. The actin gene has undergone many changes in evolution. The actin gene is well-protected. The actin gene is similar across many species.
The actin gene is similar across many species.
According to the endosymbiont theory, what benefit was gained when the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell incorporated a photosynthetic prokaryote? ANSWER The newcomer provided nourishment to its host. The rate of cellular respiration was greatly accelerated. Organic molecules could be used to provide energy. The cell became more effective in warding off predators. The cell acquired membrane-bound organelles.
The newcomer provided nourishment to its host.
Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of enzymes for export into the digestive system. By contrast, muscle cells do NOT export digestive enzymes. How do you think that the number of ribosomes compares in the two cell types? SHOW HINT Neither cell type has many ribosomes. The pancreatic cell has many more ribosomes than the muscle cell. Both cell types have about the same number of ribosomes. The muscle cell has many more ribosomes than the pancreatic cell.
The pancreatic cell has many more ribosomes than the muscle cell.
Studies of the endomembrane system often involve the use of a protein that can emit a green fluorescence (glow). A researcher wants to make a video of cell behavior, so she initially labels the outer nuclear envelope of a cell with the fluorescent tag and records a video for several hours. Later, she sees that the tag is part of a transport vesicle very close to the plasma membrane.What likely happened during the intervening time? The outer membrane of the nucleus broke off and moved the fluorescent tag to the Golgi. Material from the nucleus, including the tag, was being secreted outside the cell. The tag was seen in the Golgi before being seen in a transport vacuole. The endoplasmic reticulum engulfed the tagged protein and released it in a transport vacuole.
The tag was seen in the Golgi before being seen in a transport vacuole.
What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosomes have in common? SHOW HINT They are physically connected to each other. They are constructed of a similar type of membrane. They perform similar roles in the cell. All are located in the nucleus of the cell.
They are constructed of a similar type of membrane.
Men with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) have recurrent respiratory tract infections and immotile sperm. What is the cause of these symptoms? SHOW HINT insufficient mitochondria lack of actin proteins excess dynein proteins a lack of dynein proteins
a lack of dynein proteins
A transport vesicle within a cell can contain which of the following? SHOW HINT digestive enzymes a glycoprotein with its attached phosphate group a newly made glycoprotein a newly made glycoprotein, as well as the glycoprotein with its attached phosphate groups
a newly made glycoprotein, as well as the glycoprotein with its attached phosphate groups
The membranous compartmentalization of a cell requires the presence of a cell wall. divides the cell into two equal-sized halves. is common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell.
allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell.
Imagine that you fill a basketball with as many ping pong balls as possible. The volume of the basketball is __________ the total volumes of all the ping pong balls. The surface area of the basketball is __________ than the total surface areas of all the ping pong balls. SHOW HINT approximately equal to; less than approximately equal to; greater than less than; greater than greater than; less than
approximately equal to; less than
What effect do inherited lysosomal storage diseases have on cells? ANSWER buildup of undigested material because key lysosomal enzymes are absent buildup of undigested material due to the excess activity of lysosomal enzymes accelerated rate of digestion due to the excess activity of lysosomal enzymes accelerated rate of recycling due to the absence of key lysosomal enzymes buildup of digested material that cannot be removed from the cell
buildup of undigested material because key lysosomal enzymes are absent
Which choice has its items arranged in descending order of size (i.e., from largest to smallest)? ANSWER chicken egg, Paramecium, animal cell, mitochondrion, viruses, lipids frog egg, most bacteria, human egg, lipids, mitochondrion, viruses cell nucleus, Paramecium, frog egg, proteins, smallest bacteria, viruses chicken egg, ribosome, mitochondrion, animal cell, smallest bacteria, Paramecium human egg, frog egg, viruses, smallest bacteria, nucleus, mitochondrion
chicken egg, Paramecium, animal cell, mitochondrion, viruses, lipids
The complex of proteins and DNA in a nondividing cell is called a ribosome. a lysosome .a nucleolus. chromatin.
chromatin.
What comes to mind when you hear the term "9 + 2"? ANSWER cilia and flagella cilia flagella amoeboid movement movement of white blood cells
cilia and flagella
The most abundant glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) is __________. This protein attaches to __________, which are proteins in the plasma membrane that connect the ECM with the inside of the cell. SHOW HINT collagen; integrins microfilaments; dynein microtubules; integrins collagen: dyneins
collagen; integrins
What feature of the mitochondrion enhances cellular respiration? SHOW HINT its DNA matrix intermembrane space cristae
cristae
Which of the following lists includes only components that provide structural support, allow movement, or enable communication between cells? Keep in mind that this is a functional, not purely structural, classification. ANSWER cytoskeleton, plant cell wall, plasma membrane cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, flagella mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton plant cell wall, nucleus, peroxisomes
cytoskeleton, plant cell wall, plasma membrane
Studies of the endomembrane system often involve the use of a protein that can emit a green fluorescence (glow). A researcher wants to make a video of cell behavior, so she initially labels the outer nuclear envelope of a cell with the fluorescent tag and records a video for several hours. Later, she sees that the tag is part of a transport vesicle very close to the plasma membrane.The fluorescent tag likely became incorporated into which of the following organelles during the video? mitochondria ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Hexokinase is an enzyme that is involved with glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose for energy release) that occurs in the cytoplasm. What cellular structure makes hexokinase? mitochondria the smooth endoplasmic reticulum the rough endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes
free ribosomes
Ions flow through _______ between cells of heart muscle. How does this help the heart do its job? ANSWER gap junctions: coordinate contraction gap junctions: beat more strongly tight junctions: prevent fluid leakage tight junctions: maintain fluid balance anchoring junctions: strengthen heart muscle
gap junctions: coordinate contraction
Where do the chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place in plants? ANSWER in the matrix of the mitochondrion between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria between the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast within the thylakoids of the chloroplast within the stroma of the chloroplast
in the matrix of the mitochondrion
The maximum size of a cell is limited by which of the following? ANSWER its need for enough surface area for exchange with its environment the number of organelles that it must contain the materials that must be imported to build it the flexibility required for movement the volume of nutrients the cell needs
its need for enough surface area for exchange with its environment
What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone suffering from chronic alcoholism? SHOW HINT large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum; elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes shrunken endoplasmic reticulum; elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum; reduced levels of detoxifying enzymes shrunken endoplasmic reticulum; elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes
large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum; elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes
A white blood cell is 12-15 µm (microns) in diameter. If you wished to count the white blood cells in a blood sample, which type of microscope would you choose? SHOW HINT contrast microscope light microscope scanning electron microscope transmission electron microscope
light microscope
A differential interferencecontrast microscope uses __________ to examine a specimen. Which type of microscope would one use to examine the internal structure of a nucleolus? ANSWER light: transmission electron microscope light: scanning electron microscope an electron beam: transmission electron microscope an electron beam: scanning electron microscope light: light microscope
light: transmission electron microscope
Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells? SHOW HINT chloroplast lysosome cytoskeleton mitochondrion
lysosome
Which of the following are present in animal cells but not in plant cells? ANSWER lysosomes and centrosomes lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella lysosomes and peroxisomes peroxisomes and centrosomes peroxisomes and flagella
lysosomes and centrosomes
Consider a free ribosome. What enters this organelle, and what comes out of it, in the process of protein synthesis? ANSWER messenger RNA (mRNA) enters: a polypeptide comes out ribosomal RNA (rRNA) enters: a polypeptide comes out messenger RNA (mRNA) enters: ribosomal RNA comes out DNA enters: a polypeptide comes out DNA enters: messenger RNA (mRNA) comes out
messenger RNA (mRNA) enters: a polypeptide comes out
Which of the following lists the smallest of the cell's cytoskeletal elements, and what is the function of these elements? ANSWER microfilaments: muscle contraction intermediate filaments: muscle contraction microfilaments: main component of cilia microtubules: main component of flagella microfilaments: form "tracks" for movement of lysosomes
microfilaments: muscle contraction
Which of the following is the correct pairing of a cytoskeletal structure and its approximate diameter? SHOW HINT intermediate filaments: 5 nm microtubules: 25nm microtubules: 7 nm actin: 25 nm
microtubules: 7 nm
Which of the following is the correct pairing of a microscopic structure and its approximate size? SHOW HINT protein: 10 µm chicken egg: 10 µm nucleus: 1 mm mitochondrion: 1 µm
mitochondrion: 1 µm
Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic cells but NOT eukaryotic cells? SHOW HINT production of proteins plasma membrane flagella nucleoid
nucleoid
Which of the following organelles is present in a prokaryotic cell, but not a eukaryotic cell? ANSWER nucleoid nucleus nucleolus nuclear envelope plasma membrane
nucleoid
Ribosomal RNA is produced in the ________ according to instructions from the cell's _________. Subunits are then formed from ribosomal RNA and ______ imported from the cytoplasm. ANSWER nucleolus: DNA: proteins smooth endoplasmic reticulum: DNA: proteins nucleolus: messenger RNA: proteins cytoplasm: DNA: vesicles Golgi apparatus: DNA: lysosomes
nucleolus: DNA: proteins
In the most general sense, which of the following is the correct description of cellular respiration? SHOW HINT oxygen and ATP are used: carbon dioxide is released oxygen is used, carbon dioxide is released, ATP is created oxygen and carbon dioxide are released, ATP is created oxygen is used, carbon dioxide and ATP are released
oxygen is used, carbon dioxide is released, ATP is created
You, suddenly grown very small because you drank too much TinyMe, are standing between two cells in the trunk of the oak tree behind your apartment. Your feet are stuck in __________. After you free your feet, what is the first barrier that you must cross to enter any of the surrounding cells? SHOW HINT dynein; the primary cell wall pectin; primary cell wall pectin; secondary cell wall actin; secondary cell wall
pectin; primary cell wall
All of the following originate from the endomembrane system EXCEPT _______. ANSWER perioxisomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum food vacuole rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes
perioxisomes
You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, chromosomes, a cell wall, and plasmodesmata. This new organism is most likely a(n) __________. SHOW HINT plant bacterium animal prokaryote
plant
Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits? plasma membrane nuclear envelope cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane
The cell wall of plants consists of which of the following substances? ANSWER polysaccharides and proteins polysaccharides proteins polysaccharides and lipids cellulose
polysaccharides and proteins
Which of the following functions is performed by the Golgi apparatus? ANSWER processing proteins for secretion and for use within the cell processing proteins for secretion only processing proteins for use within the cell only manufacturing lipids and enzymes folding proteins prior to export
processing proteins for secretion and for use within the cell
Much of the intracellular structure of a eukaryote cell is involved in protein synthesis. The accompanying figure shows the amounts of protein in cells at different parts of the cell cycle between two cell divisions. G1 is a stage just after the cell has divided, and G2 is the stage just before the cell divides again. S is a stage when the cell is synthesizing material such as DNA, mitochondria, and other organelles. The protein measured in the cells was likely synthesized by the nucleolus. ribosomes. mitochondria .the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes.
The skin is the body's largest organ. It's made up of many different types of cells. Oils, produced by the sebaceous glands, prevent the skin from drying and splitting. The pigment melanin, produced by melanocytes in the epidermis, protects the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Sweat, released through ducts to the skin surface, helps to cool the body. The types of cells that produce these compounds have different numbers of specific organelles, depending on their function. Melanocytes use many enzymes to produce melanin. Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of lysosomes .ribosomes .microtubules. chloroplasts.
ribosomes.
The endomembrane system is in a constant state of renewal. Which organelle manufactures new membrane for this system? ANSWER rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicles nucleus Golgi apparatus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following organelles is responsible for folding proteins and adding the short sugar chains that make them glycoproteins? ANSWER rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum ribosome Golgi apparatus transport vesicle
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A cell that produces proteins for export contains large quantities of _______, while a muscle cell contains abundant _______. ANSWER rough endoplasmic reticulum: microfilaments smooth endoplasmic reticulum: microfilaments rough endoplasmic reticulum: microtubules DNA: rough endoplasmic reticulum microfilaments: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum: microfilaments
Which listed tissue type would you expect to contain a large proportion of anchoring junctions? SHOW HINT brain root tissue skin digestive tract tissue
skin
The stroma is the watery fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. space between the inner and outer membranes of a chloroplast. space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion. thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane.
space between the inner and outer membranes of a chloroplast.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins for cell membranes .helps assemble ribosomes for protein synthesis. stores calcium ions in muscle cells.is the major site of carbohydrate synthesis in eukaryotic cells
stores calcium ions in muscle cells.
The plasma membrane fits into which of the four general function categories defined in your test? SHOW HINT energy production support, movement, and communication manufacturing breakdown
support, movement, and communication
After their synthesis, proteins are modified and sorted by __________ located in the cell's __________. An example of such a modification is __________. SHOW HINT the Golgi apparatus; nucleus; denaturation the ribosomes; cytoplasm; adding more amino acids the rough endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm; adding a phosphate group the Golgi apparatus; cytoplasm; adding a phosphate group
the Golgi apparatus; cytoplasm; adding a phosphate group
Which of the following developments might have contributed to mitochondria becoming endosymbionts in eukaryotic cells? SHOW HINT the presence of chloroplasts in cells the increasing availability of atmospheric oxygen the decreasing availability of atmospheric oxygen circular DNA in both mitochondria and chloroplasts
the increasing availability of atmospheric oxygen
Which of the following is (are) the hydrophilic regions of the cell membrane? ANSWER the regions nearest to the external and internal environments the regions farthest from the external and internal environments the region buried deeply within the membrane bilayer the region closest to the nucleus the regions with embedded proteins
the regions nearest to the external and internal environments
In plants, chlorophyll molecules are located within sacs called __________, which in turn are suspended in the __________ of the __________. SHOW HINT chloroplasts; stroma; plant cell thylakoid; stroma; chloroplast thylakoid; stroma; mitochondrion chloroplast; thylakoid; stroma
thylakoid; stroma; chloroplast
When you hear the terms contractile, digestive, storage, pigment and poisonous, which of the following organelles comes to mind? SHOW HINT peroxisome mitochondrion chloroplast vacuole
vacuole
Which of the following can perform these functions in plants: digestion, water circulation, pigmentation, and food storage? ANSWER vacuole cytoskeleton centrosome peroxisome stroma
vacuole
