Biology: Chapters 18-19

Mulleran mimicry

two or more harmful species resemble eachother

Pine trees in a forest tend to shade and kill pine seedlings that sprout nearby. What pattern of growth will this produce?

uniform

dispersion pattern

way individuals are spaced within the population's geographic range

Name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms living inside a home fish tank.

(any of these) - light - water - temperature - chemicals added

What occurs when two species compete for the same niche? What is a niche?

1. extinction of one species 2. evolution of one species to use a different set of sources

The formation of goosebumps on your skin in cold weather is an example of (1)_____ repsonse, while seasonal migration is an example of (2)______

1. physiological 2. behavioral

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? What is a trophic level?

A food chain is a sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level and a food web is a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. A trophic level is a level of the ecosystem.

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

In primary succession a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil meanwhile secondary succession occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact.

Local conditions, such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants, may limit the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium available to a particular ecosystem, but the amount of carbon available to the system is seldom a problem. Why?

Many nutrients come from the soil, but carbon comes from the air.

According to the energy pyramid model, why is eating grain-fed beef a relatively inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis?

Only 10% of the energy trapped by photosynthesis is turned into biomass by the plant, and only 10% of that energy is turned into meat of a grazing animal. Therefore, eating grain-fed beef obtains only about 1% of the energy of photosynthesis.

Match each organism with its trophic level (may choose level more than once) a. alga 1. detritivore b. grasshopper 2. producer c. zooplankton 3. tertiary consumer d. eagle 4. secondary consumer e. fungi 5. primary consumer

a2, b5, c5, d3 or 4, e1

Match the defense mechanism with the term that describes it: a. a harmless beetle that resembles a scorpion b. bright markings of a poisonous tropical frog c. mottled coloring of moths that rest on lichens d. two poisonous frogs that resemble each other in coloration 1. camouflage coloration 2. warning coloration 3. Batesian mimicry 4. Mullerian mimicry

a3, b2, c1, d4

commensalism

association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

With regard to its percent increase, a population that is growing logistically grows faster when its density is ______ compared to the carrying capacity. a. low b. intermediate c. high

b

How can a keystone predator help maintain species diversity within a community?

by preying on the dominant competitor

Skyrocketing growth of the human population since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution appears to be mainly a result of: a. migration to thinly settled regions of the globe b. better nutrition boosting the birth rate c. drop in the death rate due to better nutrition and health care d. the concentration of humans in cities

c

The concept of trophic atructure of a community emphasizes the: a. prevalent form of vegetation b. keystone predator c. feeding relationships within a community d. species richness of the community

c

We are on a coastal hillside on a hot, dry summer day along evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. We are more likely standing in a _____ biome.

chaparral

organismal ecology

concerned with the evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet challenges posed by their abiotic environments

community

consists of all the organisms that inhabit a particular area

abiotic component

consists of non-living chemical and physical factors (ex. temp, water, minerals, air, light)

predation

consumer is the predator and the food species is the prey

energy pyramid

cumulative loss of energy from a food chain

A uniform dispersion pattern for a population may indicate that: a. the population is spreading out and increasing its range b. resources are heterogeneously distributed c. individuals of the population are competing for some resource, such as water and minerals or nesting site for animals d. there is an absense of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals

d

According to the concept of competitive exclusion, a. two species cannot coexist in the sme habitat b. extinction or emigration is the only possible result of competitive interactions c. intraspecific competition results in the success of the best adapted individuals d. two species cannot share the same niche in a community

d

In volume, which biome is the biggest? a. deserts b. intertidal zone c. photic zone of the oceans d. pelagic zone of the oceans

d

Which of the following shows the effects of a density-dependent limiting factor? a. forest fire kills all the pine trees in a patch of forest b. early rainfall triggers the explosion of a locust population drought decimates a wheat crop d. rabbits multiply, and their food supply begins to dwindle

d

population ecology

factors that affect population density and growth

community ecology

focus on how interactions between species

biosphere

global ecosystem

population

group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area

Batesian mimicry

harmless species mimics a harmful species

ecosystem

includes all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area

symbiotic relationship

interaction between two or more species that live together in direct contact

biotic component

living factors (all other organisms)

population density

number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

What two values would you need to know to figure out the human population density of your community?

number of people and the land area in which they live

Place these levels of ecological study in order, from the least to the most comprehensive: community ecology, ecosystem ecology, organismal ecology, population ecology

organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology

energy flow

passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem

acclimation

psychological response that is longer term

ecosystem ecology

questions concern energy flow and the cycling of chemicals

parasitism

relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed

ecology

scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments

Over a period of many years, grass grows on a sand dune, then shrubs grow, then eventually trees grow. This is an example of ecological ____.

succession

mutualism

symbiosis that benefits both partners