Biology chapters 6,7,8 and 11

)What is a metabolic reaction called that involves one reaction releasing energy to provide energy for a second reaction that requires energy?

a coupled reaction

what does the term grana refer

a stack of thylakoid membrane structures

What is the most likely reason that cellular respiration would shift from an aerobic state into an anaerobic state?

all of the answers are reasons the individual could shift into a anaerobic state

)The main function of stomata is to

allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.

ATP contains

an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

)If there are 12 different intermediate products produced during production of a molecule in a cell, we can expect that there

are about 12 enzymes, ateast one responsible in each step pf the metabolic pathway

)Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

as soon as a critical level of end product builds up

The cyclic electron pathway produces only

atp

)Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell

atp contains just about the amount of energy required for the most cellular reactions

)Cellular respiration involves all of the following except

breathing in and out

Most cells use a tremendous amount of ATP

but the amount of stored ATP is not great because our body constantly generates ATP from ADP + P.

Most enzymes are

carbohydrate molecules

)If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, what molecule(s) would end up with the label?

carbon dioxide and citrate

)The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include

carbon dioxide and water

Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

)What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

cloroplats and midocondria are involed in a redox cycle because

carbon dioxide is reduced during photosynthesis and carbs are oxodized during cellular respiration

The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of

carbon dioxide, nadph, natp

The equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process?

cellular respiration

)The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called

chemiosmosis

The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is

chlorophyll

Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun through all living things?

chloroplasts and midocondria

Which of the following statements is NOT true

citric acid cycles begins and ends with pyruvate

)When a cell uses substantial energy to organize its cell contents to a greater degree than the organization that exists outside the living cell,

entripy has decreased

Proteins are often

enzyme inhibitors

Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis?

enzyme passes a high energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP

T/F: )Because the inside of a cell is more organized than the outside, the inside of the cell has increased entropy.

false

T/F: All of the ATP molecules formed by the complete oxidation of glucose result from the electron transfer chain.

false

T/F: Glycolysis is linked to the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not available.

false

T/F: In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions

false

T/F: There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis.

false

TRUE or FALSE: A reaction is only considered an oxidation reaction when oxygen is involved.

false

TRUE or FALSE: When a kinase adds phosphates to an enzyme, it will only activate the enzyme

false

TRUE or False: Energy, but NOT chemicals, may cycle through living things.

false

The unique value of the ATP molecule is that when glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, all of the free energy of glucose is transformed into ATP.

false

true or false )Photosystem I comes before photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.

false

Which of the following statements about fermentation is not true?

fermination involes the citric acid cycle

The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is

four-carbon molecule

Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration?

glucose

)You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?

glycolysys

)Enzymes are specific. This means that they

have a particular substrate

)If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop

have active sites complementary and shape to their substrates

)Which hypothesis, based on the two laws of thermodynamics as applied to cells, would determine if something is a living cell or not?

if something uses energy to make itself more organized, then it is alive

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?

in order to generate nad+

)Which of the following would not slow down the electron transport system's production of ATP?

increase the pumping of hydrogen ions into the enter membrane space of the mitocondria

)Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because

it is found in all living organisms

Which molecules are the reactants or substrates for aerobic respiration?

lactate and oxygen

)In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?

leaf

2 13)What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis

light reactions, calvin cycles reactions

)Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration?

matrix-citric acid cycle

)What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+?

noncyclic electron pathway

)Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis?

only red blue and violet wave lengths of visable light are used for photosynthesis

the removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what

oxidation

The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is

oxygen

during ceullular respiration what is released

oxygen

What are the products of photosynthesis?

oxygen and carbohydrate

Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy?

pigments

)Cellular respiration is an aerobic process. This means that it

requires oxygen

The change in free energy of a reaction, delta G, is calculated by

subtracting the free energy content of the reactions from that of the products

A piece of meat and a piece of fruit or fed to beef with and a person. The extent to which these foods are digested by digestive enzymes along these two gastrointestinal tracts varies. Which of the following is not a reason for the variation in digestion?

the amount of protein in meat and fruit

)Why does the chloroplast utilize a cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic electron pathway?

the calvin cycles utalizes more atp than nadph and the cyclic electron produces atp

At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

the chloroplasts

)Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called

the perparatory reaction

the high energy bond in ATP is found in or between

the phosphate groups

)Which is NOT correct about the preparatory reaction?

the reaction occurs once per glucose molecule

)Why are plant leaves green?

the reflect green wave lengths of light

How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn

three

The flattened sacks within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment are called

thylakoids

)The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy went

to provide heat that is soon lost from the organism

In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?

to the enzyme of the first reaction

T/F: Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available.

true

T/F: Fermentation is the process that allows bread to rise.

true

T/F: Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present.

true

T/F: Ultimately, humans get their energy from the sun.

true

T/F:Enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors provide a mechanism for a cell to regulate the metabolism of a large amount of cell products using small quantities of chemicals.

true

T/F:Glucose is broken down during cellular respiration so that the released energy can be stored and converted into ATP.

true

An acetyl group contains how many carbons

two

)How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules?

two molecules each with three carbons

Heterotrophs

ultimately dependant on forming organic molecules made by producers

which of the following molecules is not an enzyme

ureases

)The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is

when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaing pigments other than green will show through...your girlfriend loves this!

Why is fermentation essential to humans

when we need a rapid burst of energy

Whether or not an enzyme is active and present within a cell depends on all of the following except

whether the enzyme catlyzes endergonic or exergonic reaction

Which of the following is not an autotroph?

yeast

We often say that we need food for energy. In a biological sense, is this correct

yes because the food we eat has potential energy in it structure and this chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy

What are the input requirements of glycolysis?

2atp, 2nad+, glucose, and 4adp

)How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration?

39%

)What are the correct outputs, during the citric acid cycle, from one molecule of glucose?

6nadh, 4co2, 2atp, 2fadh2

Which is NOT a correct attribute of a metabolic pathway?

A constant supply of new enzymes must be produced to keep the metabolic pathway active

Which of the following is an example of chemical work within a cell?

Anibolism

If a free energy of 38 units, and C has a free energy of 45 units, and the reaction is exergonic, based on the calculation of free energy, which is the substrate and which is the product?

C is the substrate and A is the product

Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?

FADH2 drops its electrons off LOWER on the electron transport chain

TRUE or FALSE: Heat is not a form of energy

False

The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred is called

Free energy

Which is true about energy of activation

Having the correct enzyme can lower the energy of activation

The specificity of an enzyme to a substrate is currently best explained by

If several metabolic pathways have a molecule in common, one pathway can lead to several others

)What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

It is an electron carrier

Which energy association is correct?

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

While science cannot describe "thinking" in physical terms, we are certain that the process involves metabolism inside brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan), it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. However,

The cellular energy expended in thinking must be less than the chemical bond energy supplied in food to these brain cells

Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?

They catalyze only one specific type of reaction