BIOLOGY END OF COURSE EXAM

Which of the following BEST compares the structures of lipids and carbohydrates?

Both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen , but carbohydrates have repeating structural units and lipid do not.

In pea plants, the allele for white flowers is recessive to the allele for purple flowers. In a generation of pea plants, 89 plants produce purple flowers and 31 produce white flowers. Which of the following is the best conclusion you can make about the parent plants of this generation?

Both parent plants are heterozygous for flower color.

Which of the following best describes that characteristics that differentiate animals from the organisms of other kingdoms.

Animals have complex organ systems and produce asexually.

Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in greater genetic diversity than mitosis.

During meiosis , chromosomes assort themselves independently of each other, which allows for more different possible combinations of chromosomes.

Which of the following best describes how the process of crossing over during meiosis leads to an increase in genetic diversity?

During prophase l, DNA segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, resulting in different combinations of alleles.

Illnesses can often lead to fever and dehydration. How might these symptoms affect a persons cardiovascular system.

Fever and dehydration increases body temperature and decreases the amount of fluids,which increase a persons heart rate and respiration.

Which of following correctly compares the functions of the vas deferens and the fallopian tubes ?

Sperm travels through the vas deferens, and eggs travel the fallopian tubes.

Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes.

Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

Why do cells need both tRNA and mRNA?

Only tRNA bends into a shape that can carry specific amino acids.

Which of the following correctly traces the energy transfer through the trophic levels in the marine food web shown below?

Phytoplankton-> krill->fish->seal

The activities that take place to meet human needs can often be harmful to ecosystems. By developing sustainable practices, however, we can help protect our environment. Which of the following changes would be most helpful in reaching sustainability?

Planting trees to replace those that are cut down by logging.

Normally, the temperature inside the scrotum is slightly lower then normal body temperature. what do you predict would happen if the temperature inside the scrotum were a few degrees higher than the normal body temperature instead?

Sperm would not be able to develop properly.

Which event happens earliest during pregnancy?

The embryo cartilage begins to become bone.

In which of the domains would it be easiest to determine the phylogenetic relationships among organisms.

The eukaryotes are easiest because they tend not to share genetic material with each other except when they are reproducing sexually.

Which of the following explains why people need to get a flu shot each year?

The flu virus is constantly mutating and changing.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of energy available in each trophic level of this food web?

There is less available energy in the seal than there is in the phytoplankton.

Paleontologists have compared modern human skeletons to fossils of hominids from two to five million years ago, before the appearance of modern humans. They found certain features, like the shapes of their hips and the way the spine supported the body, was similar to the modern human skeletal structure. Which of the following best describes why the discoveries of the hominid fossils are important for understanding modern human evolution?

They are evidence of transitional species that show how modern humans evolved from ape-like ancestors.

What similarities are their between the ways archaea and bacteria react to difficult environmental conditions?

They both form endosperms for protection or develop cilia of flagella to swim away.

In which of the following ways are the fungus-like protists similar to heterotrophic protists.

They both need to gather food from their environment.

Which of the following helps compare the structures found in plant an animal cell?

animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.

which of the following correctly compares two of the divisions of the plant kingdom?

non vascular plants xylem and phloem and reproduce asexual, while angiosperm have xylem and phloem and reproduce sexually.

Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. what do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead?

organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.

Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells?

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane bound organelles.

which equation describes what happens in photosynthesis?

...

Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis. the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to......

Act as a receptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

To help patients replenish bodily fluid quickly during and illness, doctors need to understand how cells behave in the environment. Doctors have confidence in what they know about how cells behave because.....

Cell theory has been tested, refined, and observed to be true over 100's of years.

Which of the following would be the best way to detect whether someone was effected with a virus, like HIV?

Check for the presence of antibodies in the blood.

The allele for brown eyes is dominant to the allele for blue eyes. Which of the following best explains how two brown eyed parents could produce a blue eyed child?

Each parent must be carrying the recessive allele for blue eyes.

Which of the following best describes a characteristic that distinguishes fungi from other kingdoms?

Fungi are multicellular and break down dead plants ad animal matter.

The structure of the leaf best supports the process of......

Gas exchange for photosynthesis.

Based on you knowledge of scientific investigations which stage of scientific investigation did the invention of the microscope significantly advance.

Gathering the data for the investigation.

What are the reactants to cellular respiration?

Glucose and 0 2.

A variety of organisms molecules have been found in meteorites that have landed on earth, including individual amino acids and lipid molecules. To date , however, no microspheres have been found on these meteorites. Why is it un likely that microspheres will ever be found on a meteorite even though lipids can form in them?

Groups of lipids will only form into microspheres when they are in liquid water.

which of the following characteristics defines a cell as a eukaryote?

Having a nucleus.

Based on the illustration above, what do the similarities between human and chimpanzee hands and feet suggest about the two different organisms?

Humans and chimpanzees both developed five digits on their hands and feet, suggesting they have a common ancestor.

In which of the following circumstances would it be most likely for large organic molecules to form during a laboratory experiment?

If RNA segments that could act as catalysts formed.

Many times people visit the doctor requesting antibiotics to treat cold and viral infections. how is the doctor justified in offering the patient treatment options that do not include antibiotics for these cases?

If a doctor provides antibiotics to treat colds and viruses, any bacteria in the patients body will be killed, but a few will survive. Those few survivors will become resistant to antibiotic needed for real bacterial illnesses.

Early element of the cell theory followed soon after the development of hook's light microscope. What does this relationship suggest about the evoultion of the cell theory since hooke.

Improvements of technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.

Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?

Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.

Which of the following best summarizes why the the technological invention was important to biology?

It allowed for development of the cell theory.

Which of the following correctly explains how crossing over benefits organisms that reproduce sexually?

It increases genetic variation in off spring.

An unknown plant species has stomata, xylem, and phloem. It reproduces sexually and has male pollen cones and female seed cones. Which of the following is the most logical conclusion about the classification of this plant?

It is a gymnosperm and belongs to the division coniferophyta.

Assume a group of scientists have managed to set up an experiment simulating the conditions of early earth the resulted in a cell with DNA using RNA to produce proteins from amino acids as modern cells do. What conclusion could they draw from this experiment?

It is possible for a cell similar to a modern cell to form under the conditions of the experiment.

Which of the following provides the best arguments for separating archaea and bacteria into there own domains instead of leaving them together in the single kingdom., Monera?

It was discovered that they make their membranes differently and copy their DNA differently.

Due to human encroachment, the range of the florida panther has been reduced to a very small area in south florida. predict the long term effect of this isolation on the conditions required for natural selection.

It would reduce the panthers capacity for inherited variation and would leave them vulnerable to disease and genetic abnormalities.

Carbon dioxide is important in our atmosphere because it is required for photosynthesis and traps in heat, keeping the Earth warm. However, human produced carbon dioxide is a problem because it...

Leads to higher global temperatures.

A student is conducting an investigation to determine the effect of temperature of the metabolism of yeast. Yeast and sugar are added to water, the gas produced is captured and its volume is recorded. Which variables should be held constant during this investigation?

Mass of yeast and mass of sugar.

Some organisms are able to reproduce asexually through mitosis while cells of organisms that reproduce sexually will undergo meiosis to produce gametes. Which process do you predict would be most beneficial to a species during a drastic change in environmental conditions?

Meiosis; it results in more genetic variation, which would help insure that species would survive.

Which of the following best compares the processes of mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis consists of two division cycles and results in haploid gametes.

When an organism has more than 10 fingers or toes, the condition is known as polydactylism. Although the polydactylism is rare, it is a dominant trait. If two cats that are heterozygous for polydactylism mate and have a litter with a total of 12 kittens, how many of them would you expect to have more than 10 fingers or toes?

Nine.

Many insects such as mosquitos and dragon flies spend their juvenile stage as aquatic larvae before becoming winged adults. Most years, these insects are extremely abundant in the arctic tundra. What might account for this?

Pools of water which make good breeding areas are plentiful in summer as the permafrost melts.

A population of rodents become stranded on a remote island. Eventually, the population reaches the island's carrying capacity. At this point, the birth and death rates are...

Relatively equal.

Rainbow trout need about 6.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen to survive. Biologists are trying to reestablish rainbow trout in a mountain stream but the stream only has 5.5 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Which of the following would be most useful in encouraging the development of the rainbow trout population?

Remove dams along the stream to allow the water to flow faster.

Scientific law and a scientific theory are similar in that both.

Represent a large amount of scientific investigation and evidence.

If a company claims thats its product has been proven scientifically which of the following should have taken place if the results are to be considered reliable?

Results should have been peer reviewed and repeated producing the same findings.

Which of the following describes how an abiotic factor can impact the population dynamics in an ecosystem?

Seasonal variations in temperature can cause some of the individuals in a population to die.

How is the scientific theory of evolution supposed by the comparison of the skulls and skeletons of modern humans and extinct hominids?

Similarity in skull shapes, hands, and hips between extinct hominids and humans supports a common ancestry.

Water frogs that live n greek islands in the mediteranian were seperated from main land for water frogs when salt water levels rose to form the islands, allowing differences in the isolated populations to develop. suppose one large group of frogs on the main land uses a low pitched call to attract mates while otherwise identical frogs on a nearby island use a high pitch call. A boat carries a few high pitched frogs in its cargo to the main land. Which of the following answers best predict the outcome of this event?

The frogs from the islands introduce new genes to the main land gene pool, causing a change of pitch in the mainland frog population.

If a plant leaves developed so that its vascular tissue only contained xylem, how would this affect the rest of the plants physiological processes

The glucose produced during photosynthesis in the leaf cells would not be able to reach the rest of the plant and the cellular respiration in the plants there cells would not function.

A group of well separated islands in the Pacific Ocean have a population of hibiscus plants that produce either orange or white flowers. On one of the islands, most of the hibiscus plants were killed a few years ago by a volcanic lava flow. Why is there a greater percentage of orange hibiscus plants on this island than on the other islands?

The limited population size after the lava flow resulted in a limited gene pool, causing genetic drift in future generations of hibiscus plants on this island.

A doctor examines a patient who has high blood pressure and atherosclerosis in the coronary artery. what medical condition connected to the blood flow is most likely to effect this patient in the future?

The patient may suffer at heart attack because of the reduction in the blood flow to the heart muscles due to severe plaque build up in the coronary artery.

Terrestrial plants have a waxy covering produced by the dermal tissue called the cuticle. If this waxy covering was overproduced so that the stomata became clogged, what would happen to the plant?

The plant would not be able to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, and the plants ability to perform photosynthesis would be limited.

Some proteins catalyze biochemical reactions. If a genetic defect prevented a protein catalyst from being produced, which of the following would you predict that happen in the cell?

The reaction the protein catalyzes would proceed very slowly or not at all.

If a snake species were introduced to an ecosystem where it had no natural predators, what long term effect do you predict the snakes would have on the population dynamics of the ecosystem?

They would compete with native snakes species for resources, causing a decline in native snake populations and possibly extinction.

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. If the DNA sequence shown here goes through transcription and translation, how many amino acids will result from this sequence?

Three.

The choices that humans make every day affect the environment. Sometimes, our lifestyles can harm the environment rather than protect it. Which of the following would be most helpful in protecting the environment and achieving sustainability?

Using solar power to generate electricity.

Which of the following describes how the amount of energy changes as it flows from one trophic level to the next in the marine food web shown below?

When sea birds consume fish, about 10% of the fish's energy is transferred to the sea bird.

A cell is replicating its DNA. Part of the DNA strand reads A-C-C-G-T-A-C. A new strand built off this section T-G-G-A-A-T-G. What effect might this have when the DNA replicates in the future?

When the new strand is used as a template, the strand built from it will differ from the original DNA.

which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.