Biology EOC Review

What abiotic factors determine what biome will be present in a region?

A biome's latitude, longitude, and altitude determine the location and position on earth in relation to sunlight. It's position determines the amount of precipitation and temperature found in a region as well as the available mineral, pH, and salinity.

Lead poisoning

A build up of lead in the body, usually over months or years.

How can DNA technology allow us to: Identify a person's parents?

DNA can be tested from multiple adults and be analyzed to see if they match

deforestation

allowing trees to be removed for commercial or industrial purposes

water cycle

cycles water through large reservoirs into the atmosphere

Nitrogen Cycle

denitrification, decomposition, bacterial nitrogen fixation, synthetic fertilizer use

phenotype

physical chracteristics of an organism

cell wall

plant cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate and is considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure. The plant cell wall consists of three layers. Each layer has its own unique structure and function

ribosomes

rRNA, structures synthesizes proteins in a cell

antibiotic resistance

the ability that organisms can fight off antibiotics, this can develop through mutation and passed down to offspring

carbon cycle

the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the most important cycles of the Earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms

What is carrying capacity?

the number of people able to be held in a population. The number of people that natural resources are available

nitrogen cycle

the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition

commensalism

a relationship where one organims benefits and the other is unaffected

predator/prey

a relationship where one organism benefits and the other dies

semipermeable membranes

A type of polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion.

Where does crossing over occur?

centremere

What adaptations are necessary for life on hand?

1) Waxy cuticle to reduce water loss across cell walls 2) Development of a vascular system allowing plants access to water deep in the soil 3) Stomata, which are pores in the cuticles of leaves which can open and close 4) Specialized cells with thickened cell walls for rigid support 5) Development of spores with durable protective walls allowing the spores to tolerate dry conditions

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem? What happens to the rest?

10%, transforms into heat and some released into atmosphere.

When does crossing over occur?

1st division of meiosis

Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones's parents were AB?

25% chance their baby will be type A blood.

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2

Circadian rhythms

A cirdcadian rythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. In a strict sense, circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, although they can be modulated by external cues such as sunlight and temperature.

reflexes

A reflex is an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something -- without you even having to think about it.

What is a codon?

A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Estivation

A state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions.

vestigial structures

A structure or part which is greatly reduced from the original ancestral form and is no longer functional or is of reduced or altered function. Ex: Human appendix

What are the 2 genes that regulate blood type? What are the 3 different alleles for each blood type?

ABO and Rh. IA IB I

active transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient.

factories

Add toxins to the atmosphere and the environment, some impacts include acid rain, geothermal pollution, increase in greenhouse gases, and smog

Name the nitrogen bases found in DNA. Which ones pair together in the DNA molecule.

Adenine, cytocine, guanine, thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine, adenine with thymine

In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

All the offspring will be tall.

What are some biological alternatives to chemical pesticides? What are the pros and cons?

Alternatives such as using insects to kill one another, genetically engineered organisms such as plants that are resistant to certain pest, using pathogen such as viruses of the pest will all lead to a decreased use of pesticides and a decrease in pesticide resistance.

Biological Clocks

An innate mechanism that controls the physiological activities of an organism change on a daily, seasonal, yearly, or other regular cycles.

chloroplast

Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all dep

Explain the characteristics of including their reproduction, how they eat, how they regulate their internal environment: Animals Plants Fungi Protists Monera (bacteria)

Animals: Reproduction- Sexual Plants: Reproduction- Both asexual and sexual Fungi: Reproduction- Both asexual and sexual Protists: Reproduction- Both asexual and sexual Monera: (bacteria) Reproduction- Asexual

resource use

Areas with high population densities use many more resources per capital resulting in the depleting of resources and the extinction or endangerment of some organisms.

Describe the process of DNA replication.

Begins with the unzipping of the parent molecule. the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken. Once exposed, the sequence of bases on each of the separated strands serves as a template to guide the insertion of a complementary set of bases on the strand being synthesized.

Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic Factors are living. Abiotic factors are not living.

How do the biotic factors and the abiotic factors in an ecosystem affect each other?

Biotic and abiotic factors have a direct impact on one another. Living organisms rely on abiotic factors such as water, oxygen, and nutrients for survival in turn abiotic factors are used and recycled throughout the ecosystem

Organic Molecule: Elements Present: Building Blocks (Monomers) What do they do?

Carbohydrates Example? C,H,O Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1 ratio Ex: C6H12O6 Glucose (simple sugar) Examples: *Starch *Glycogen (liver) *Sugars - glucose, fructose, sucrose *Cellulose - plant cell walls Carbohydrates are built by combining monosaccharides (simple sugars) *Short-term energy storage *Quick-release energy Lipids Example? C,H, very little O Carbon, hydrogen, very little oxygen Fatty Acids *Insulation: store body heat *Protection: cell membranes *Long-term energy storage Proteins Example? C,H,N,O, P,S Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur *Enzymes End in "ase Amino Acids *Change the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) *regulate cell processes *Give bodies structure *Transport materials into and out of the cell Nucleic Acids Example? C,H,O,N,P Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphoru DNA Nucleotides made of: 1) Nitrogen base 2) Sugar compound 3) Phosphate group Store and transmit genetic information

How do cells maintain homeostasis, pH, temperature and salinity?

Cells maintain homeostasis by performing the processes of active and passive transport to ensure dynamic equilibrium. Cells maintain homeostasis of pH by emitting either basic fluids or acidic fluids depending on the pH level. Cells maintain temperature by either shivering to create heat or sweating to cool down. Cells maintain salinity by either taking in water to dilute the amount of salt per amount of water or intake salt to increase the amount of salt per amount of water.

What is a mutation? How does it increase variation?

Changes in genetic code of a chromosome, it is passed from different generations

What is chemosynthesis?

Chemosynthesis is the process of creating energy compounds from chemicals such as hydrogen sulfides by organisms living in the absence of sunlight. Ex: microbes found at the deep ocean thermal vents

haploid

Contains only a single set of chromo and therefore a single set of genes

Explain how certain animal behaviors such as courtship and other behaviors may have evolved.

Courtships- When differences in mating rituals or seasons prevent populations from breeding. Physical Differences- When differences in size, shape, or anatomy prevent populations from breeding.

What's the benefit of crossing over?

Creates a new and unique set of genetic material

Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct? A All of their daughters will be color blind. C All of their sons will have normal color vision. B All of their sons will be color blind D The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene

D. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene

What is DDT and what are its effect on the ecosystem?

DDT is a pesticide that is sprayed on crops too kill insects and rodents, the only real affect on the environment is it kills a decent amount of insects and rodents

How can DNA technology allow us to: Identify an individual?

DNA can be extracted and analyzed in a lab

How can DNA technology allow us to: investigate a crime scene

DNA can be extracted from a crime scene and can be matched with the victim or suspect

List three differences between DNA and RNA:

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded DNA holds genetic information, RNA acts as a messenger for DNA and ribosomes to make protein DNA has adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.

DNA is in the shape of a double helix. The backbone structure is composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar molecules. The "steps"/rungs of the structure are made of complementary base pairs A-T, and C-G (adenine, thymine, cytosine, & guanine)

Impacts of tobacco use?

Damages the airways of your lungs causing lung failure. Or (COPD), also most of lung cancers.

Describe Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. How did the Galapagos Islands play a role in the development of his theory?

Darwin says that organisms in an environment have different characteristics such and fur, hair color, wings/no wings.

What role do decomposers play in the environment?

Decomposers break down organic matter and return it to the environment so that it may be used again. Nutrients and organic compounds are cycled through the environment.

recessive

Describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when 2 recessive alleles for the same characteristics

What are some ethical implications and dangers of biotechnology?

Discrimination, weapons, change in natural selection

Louis Pasteur

Disproved the theory of abiogenesis on a micro level, and established the method of pasteurization

What happens to energy in an ecosystem? What happens to matter?

Energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, transferring approximately 10% of the available energy from the previous feeding level.

Explain the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates.

Enzymes are specific and will only take in allow specific substrates to fit onto its active site so that a chemical reaction will occur. The substrate must fit into the "lock". If the shape does not fit, it goes to a different enzyme to perform the reaction

Charles Drew

Established blood banking system

Explain the differences in size, chromosome structure, and organelles between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryotes - are a lot larger than prokaryotes - have only a cell membrane Prokaryotes - are small compared to Eukaryotes - have a cell membrane and cell wall - contain membrane bound organelles - do not contain a nucleus.

Give an example of how an organism might change their behavior to adapt to their environment.

Ex: Migration patterns of birds due to weather and climate changes.

Gregor Mendel

Father of Genetics

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of classification using binomial nomenclature Developed the naming system we have today

cystic fibrosis

Faulty protein, cells cant transfer chlorine ions across their membrane. Recess. allele in chromo #7, gene missing 3 bases in the middle of the sequence.

Feeding strategies

Feeding strategies can help organisms not travel at the wrong time and get there food and eat when it is best for them.

List the general rules used to analyze a pedigree.

Females are represented by a circle Males are represented by a square Half filled in is an autosomal carrier Horizontal lines are marriges Vertical are children

anaerobic

Form of cellular respiration performed without oxygen

aerobic

Form of cellular respiration that is performed with oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

imprinting

Genomic imprinting is the epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprented, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed.

What are the reactants and what are the products? (for aerobic respiration)

Glucose +oxygen gas (Reactants), carbon dioxide + water (Products)

Describe Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments:

Gregor created dominant and recessive plants and crossed the F1 generation with its self to make the F2 generation

heterozygous

Having TWO DIFFERENT alleles for a particular gene

homozygous

Having TWO INDENTICAL alleles for a particular gene

Hibernation

Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation refers to a season of heterothermy that is characterized by low body temperature, slow breathingand heart rate.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the ability of a body/cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium

instincts

In annate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli.

What is pesticide resistance? What are the long term affects?

Is the adaptation of pest population targeted by a pesticide resulting in decreased susceptibility to that chemical. In other words, pests develop a resistance to a chemical through natural selection: the most resistant organisms are the ones to survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring Increasing populations of pests for which there is no control, resulting in overpopulation and the destruction or death of other species

What is a niche?

It is the full range of biotic and abiotic factors in which an organism lives and how it uses those conditions. (A niche is an organism's occupation.)

Impacts of radiation?

Kills nerve cells and can cause seizures or immediate deaths

What causes malnutrition?

Lack of sufficient nutrition in the body

Mimicry

Mimicry can help an organism survive if it needed to mimic it's predator in order to not be killed, or to mimic its prey so they can get food.

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis:

Mitosis: Includes only 1 cycle of cell division Occurs in body cells No crossing over of chromosomes Results in two genetically identically diploid cells MEtaphase:1 duplicated chromosomes per spindle fiber Meiosis: Includes 2 cycles of cell division (meiosis 1 and mitosis 11) Occurs only in gametes (sex cells) Chromosomes cross over in Prophase 1 Results in four genetically different haploid cells Metaphase 1:2 duplicated chromosomes per spindle fiber

osmosis

Movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

How are variation and natural selection related?

Natural selection is one of several different mechanisms that cause evolutionary change in populations. Natural selection produces changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next. As a result, organisms become better adapted to their environment.

Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

Non- living, they are unable to reproduce by themselves, they need a host cell in order to.

Down Syndrome

Not inherited, high chance to occur if you have a child 35+. Caused by an extra chromo. on #21.

What is a polygenic trait?

One whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene

geotropism

Oriented growth with respect to the force of gravity.

passive transport

Passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic molecular substances across a cell membrane without need of energy input

What affect can pesticides have on organisms that they weren't intended to affect?

Pesticides end up in the tissues of unintended organisms, causing disease, death, and the extinction or endangerment of those organisms

pesticide resistance

Pests develop a resistance to a chemical through natural selection: the most resistant organisms are the ones to survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring

How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems?

Photosynthesis is the process by which most autotrophs capture sunlight and convert it into a usable form of energy for heterotrophs. The energy is cycled through each trophic level.

phototaxis (positive/negative)

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light. this is advantageous for phototrophic organsims as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis.

adaptive radiation

Process by which a single species or a small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways.

What is cloning?

Production of identical organisms

Study the trophic pyramids on pgs 72-73.

Pyramid of numbers,Pyramid of biomass,energy pyramid

sickle-cell anemia

Recessive. It is incomplete/co dom. gene on #11 chromo, one diff DNA base

What are some ways that carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced?

Reducing, reusing and recycling solid waste can decrease the amount of heat-trapping greenhouse gases you release. Implement better agricultural practices, changing transportation methods.

What are the possible effects of global warming?

Rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature stratification.

Protective coloration

This type of camouflage can keep an organism from being attacked by its predator.

Migration

Seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.

What is gel electrophoresis?

Separation of molecules and used to make a fingerprint to use in identification

Huntington's Disease

Slightly larger hunt gene. Caused by a dom. allele.

fertilizers

The addition of agricultural products impacts the balance of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur which may limit plant and animal growth

What is secondary succession?

The addition of different species into an area that has undergone primary succession. This succession results in the replacement of pioneer species and develops into a climax community.

What effect can a buildup of pesticides have over the long term in the environment (bioaccumulation)?

The buildup of pesticides over an extended period of time affects organisms at every trophic level. When the pesticides are magnified in a trophic level toxicity builds in the feeders of that trophic level and move up the food chain. The toxins can cause an array of damage and disease.

vacuoles

The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. it is often the largest organele in the cell. IT is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.

What is nitrogen fixation and what organisms are involved?

The chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic comounds. And Bacteria are the main organims involved.

Explain why water is useful to cells.

The composition of most organisms is water, and the majority of life processes occur in water environments. Major chemical processes such as photosynthesis (require water) & cellular respiration (releases water) both involve water.

types of learned behavior

The conditioned response (CR) which is probably the simplest form of learned behavior. It is a response that as a result of experience comes to be caused by stimulus different from the one that originally triggered it.

Describe the process of translation and where it happens. (study the diagram on page 294)

The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). It happens in the ribosomes.

thigmotropism

The directional response of a plant organ to touch or physical contact with a solid object.

What is crossing over?

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

What is a food chain? Draw a food chain including the following organisms (heron, minnow, plankton)

The feeding of one organism upon another in a sequence of food transfers by which transfer of energy (which typically comes from the sun) from one organism to another occurs. A simple food chain is like the following: plankton ->minnow-> heron

How do temperature and pH affect enzymes?

The majority of enzymes operate within a specific range. Enzymes denature or will stop functioning if the temperature or pH level changes dramatically

mitochondria

The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e. phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the krebs cycle.

chemotaxis (positive/negative)

The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

phototropism

The orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either toward the source of light or away from it.

Parental behavior

The parents of their children have a natural tendency to protect their offspring

diffusion

The process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion. Consider two containers of gas A and B separated by a paritition. The molecules of both gases are in constant motion and make numerous collisions with the partition

What is alcoholic fermentation? What are the products?

The process of anaerobic cellular respiration used by fungi (yeast form), to convert sugars to alcohol carbon dioxide and energy for the cell without oxygen; thyl alcohol + carbon dioxide

What is primary succession?

The process of making a barren area devoid of life more habitable by pioneer species such as lichens resulting in a stable community of living organisms.

What are the reactants and what are the products? (for photosynthesis)

The reactants are 6 atoms of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water and energy. The products are 1 molecule of glucose and 6 atoms of oxygen.

What are some factors that influence birth/death rates in the human population?

The size and rate of growth of the human population in any location is affected by economic, political, religious, technological, and environmental factors like the availability of resources. Some of these factors, in turn, are influenced by the size and rate of growth of the population.

What is gene therapy?

The transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

How can reproductive variations benefit a species?

There is a lot of genetic variation, the living species with the genes pass them down and creates more variation in sexually reproduced organisms

Explain the interacting role of genetics and environment on human health.

They change the showing of traits and change in diseases

What is a trophic level?

Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain

What adaptations are necessary for aquatic life?

Waxy coating to protect against transpiration and saturation Surface area to volume ratio of leaves for flotation and ability to capture sunlight Ability to recover quickly from drying out

How can genetic technology allow us to create human insulin using bacteria?

We can human genetics to make insulin

How has a knowledge of evolutionary relationships affected our understanding of: Biochemical analysis

We can see how related certain organisms are to each other

How has a knowledge of evolutionary relationships affected our understanding of: DNA analysis

We can see the differences in organisms through DNA

mutualism

a relationship where both organism benefit in some way

What is the Law of Independent Assortment? How does it increase variation?

When two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. It was created by Gregor mendel.

Describe the process of transcription and where it happens.

Where information is copied from the DNA to a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), occurs in the nucleus

parasitism

a relationship where one organims benefits and the other is harmed

What can we infer from the fossil record? Where do you find the oldest/youngest fossils?

With fossil records we can infer how old an organism was, or how long ago they lived. The oldest fossils will be the deepest in the ground, and the youngest will be closer to the top.

hemophilia

X-linked recess. When blood doesnt clot properly

colorblindness

X-linked trait. Passed down from parents, not able to see all colors

diploid

a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromo.

What is global warming? What causes it?

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect. Caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Nucleus

an organele found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully-enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

What is a transgenic organism and give an example?

an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed, genetically modified bacteria

Making Bonds or Breaking Bonds releases energy?

breaking bonds

What is an organic compound?

carbon-hydrogen containing molecules that make up the components of cells.

plasma membrane

cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substance in and out of the cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

biochemical similarities between species

comparison of compounds like DNA and base pairs

example of density-dependent limiting factor

competition, predation

The 8 characteristics of living things

composed of cells & are organized , responds to stimuli, growth & development, can reproduce, uses energy, evolves as a species, maintains homeostasis, directed by nucleic acid

human population density

condition by which the number of individuals in a given are enlarges to a limit that the increase provokes the environmental deterioration, a remarkable decline in the quality of life, or a population collapse.

James Watson and Francis Crick

determine structure of DNA

Which part of the microscope regulates light?

diaphram

enzymes

enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of chemical reactions

Water Cycle

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, seepage, transpiration, runoff

dominant

fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosome

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen gas = carbon dioxide + water

human population size

huge increases in size of the human population have resulted in a substantial degradation of environmental conditions. The changes have largely been characterized by deforestation, unsustainable harvesting of potentially renewable resources (such as wild animals and plants that are of economic importance), and rapid mining of non-renewable resources (such as metals and fossil fuels), pollution, and other ecological damages

What type of bond forms between the nitrogen bases in DNA?

hydrogen bonds

cardiovascular disease

if where you live has bad air quality it can increase the chance of getting this but your genetics can also make you pre exposed too having it

How does our modern classification system show the evolutionary relationship among organisms?

instead of just looking at there similar outer characteristics now we can actually look at ancestors and compare them by that and also DNA

Draw the way a lowercase letter "e " would look under a microscope:

inverted and upside down

diabetes

is a mix between genetic pre-exsposer and your environment if you eat unhealthy that wont help keep you from getting it

What is a climax community?

is an ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each one another and their environment. A climax community is the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.

natural selection

it is when only the organism's most fitted for an environment survive too reproduce

Making Bonds or Breaking Bonds stores energy?

making bonds

What is a food web? What is a food chain?

many different food chains and many of these are cross-linked to form a food web. Ultimately all plants and animals in an ecosystem are part of this complex food web.

density-independent limiting factor

natural disasters, temperature

asthma

normally created genetically in children

Carbon Cycle

respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, human activity, deposition

cancer

usually pre exposed genetically but certain ones can be based on environment like lung cancer

Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.

water will move inside the cell

Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

water will move outside of the cell

geographic isolation

when a species can no longer mate do too a geographic barrier

reproductive isolation

where species physically can not mate do too a physical difference