Biology Exam 1
Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom.
1. atom 2. molecule 3. organelle 4. cell 5. tissue 6. organ
smallest mass to largest mass
1. electron 2. proton 3. atom
7 Nitrogen N 14.0067... the number of neutrons plus protons is
14, which is approximately the same as the atomic weight
basic
2:1 ratio of OH- to H+, soap
The second energy shell of an oxygen atom can hold up to ______ electrons because it contains four orbitals.
8 electrons
Bacteria
A streptococcus bacterium
Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.
All isotopes of carbon (C) have the same number of protons. An atom with six protons in its nucleus will always have six neutrons in its nucleus.
Having the typical ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of carbohydrates, the chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6.
Select the statement that correctly describes one of the bulk elements necessary for life.
Carbon (C) has four valence electrons and is likely to form covalent bonds.
______ are one of the four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen often in a proportion of 1:2:1. These organic molecules include monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Multiple choice question.
Carbs
Which of these pairs does not correctly match a carbohydrate with its function?
Cellulose provides structural support for human hair.
Select all of the following that correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone, while RNA has a glycerol-phosphate backbone.DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone, while RNA has a glycerol-phosphate backbone. DNA is a long double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a shorter single-stranded molecule.DNA is a long double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a shorter single-stranded molecule. DNA and RNA are different in that RNA has uracil instead of thymine.DNA and RNA are different in that RNA has uracil instead of thymine. DNA is a molecule that stores genetic information, while RNA is a molecule that stores energy. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.
nucleic acid
DNA, RNA, its monomers are called nucleotides, genes are made of this
which of the following are true of dehydration synthesis reactions?
Dehydration synthesis reactions are required to synthesize polymers. Dehydration synthesis reactions are required to synthesize polymers. In dehydration synthesis reactions, the bonds holding monomers together are broken. In dehydration synthesis reactions, the bonds holding monomers together are broken. Dehydration synthesis is involved in reactions that combine organic monomers to produce polymers.
A species is classified into one of three domains depending on which of the five qualities of life it exhibits.
False; Every form of life is organized, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, evolves, grows and develops, and reproduces. Classification into one of the three domains depends on the evolutionary relationships that exist between an individual and other species within a given domain.
What ion dissolved in water is critical to the function of molecules and is called a proton?
H+
Which of the following is a question about biology?
How have rocks in the Grand Canyon changed over the last million years? How have rocks in the Grand Canyon changed over the last million years? How much carbon dioxide does an industry release into the atmosphere each year? How much carbon dioxide does an industry release into the atmosphere each year? How does water pollution affect fish in a lake? How does water pollution affect fish in a lake? How has a species of bacteria changed since doctors started prescribing antibiotics? How has a species of bacteria changed since doctors started prescribing antibiotics? Why are Earth's poles colder than the equator? Why are Earth's poles colder than the equator?
Water molecules exhibit cohesive and adhesive properties. What is the chemical bond characteristic that contributes to these and other numerous important properties of water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, not requiring gain, loss, or sharing of electrons.
Which of the following statements about acids and bases is/are true?
If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH−) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic. If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH−) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic. If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH−) is one to ten (1:10), then the solution is acidic. If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH−) is one to ten (1:10), then the solution is acidic. Adding a base to an acidic solution will bring the pH of the solution closer to 7. Adding a base to an acidic solution will bring the pH of the solution closer to 7. Acidic compounds are those that release protons (H+) into solution.
Select all of the reasons why water is essential to life.
It regulates temperature. It plays a role in many chemical reactions. It dissolves a wide variety of substances.
Characteristics of life
Living things are composed of cells, living things regulate their internal environment, evolution acts on nonliving things but not living things, living things can reproduce and grow
Which of the following is true with regard to organic molecules?
Nitrogenous bases like uracil tell a cell's ribosomes how to produce lipids. Nitrogenous bases like uracil tell a cell's ribosomes how to produce lipids. DNA is made of nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is made of amino acids. DNA is made of nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is made of amino acids. Every monosaccharide, fatty acid, and nucleotide contains hydrogen and carbon. Every monosaccharide, fatty acid, and nucleotide contains hydrogen and carbon. Polysaccharides are made of four or more amino acids linked by covalent bonds. Polysaccharides are made of four or more amino acids linked by covalent bonds.
In biological molecules, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen often form covalent bonds with hydrogen. Arrange these bonds from most polar to least polar.
O-H, N-H, C-H
Baking soda and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are bases because they release ______ ions into a solution. Multiple choice question.
OH-
Based upon the valence electron number of oxygen, which of the following is true of its bonding capabilities?
Oxygen can form one triple bond with another atom (share six electrons). Oxygen can form one triple bond with another atom (share six electrons). Oxygen can form two single bonds (share two electrons each with two different atoms). Oxygen can form two single bonds (share two electrons each with two different atoms). Oxygen can only form one single bond with another atom (share two electrons). Oxygen can only form one single bond with another atom (share two electrons). Oxygen can form one double bond with another atom (share four electrons).
Why does salt dissolve in water?
Polar water molecules surround Na+ and Cl- ions.
Select all of the past scientific conclusions that were later revised due to technological inventions and new data analysis methods.
The Earth is the center of the universe, The Earth is flat, All organisms are either plants or animals
How does carbonic acid work to maintain blood pH?
When blood is too basic, carbonic acid can ionize to bicarbonate and H+ ions, adding H+ ions to the blood. When blood is too basic, carbonic acid can ionize to bicarbonate and H+ ions, adding H+ ions to the blood. When blood becomes too acidic, bicarbonate combines with extra H+ ions to form carbonic acid, removing H+ ions from the blood. When blood becomes too acidic, bicarbonate combines with extra H+ ions to form carbonic acid, removing H+ ions from the blood. Carbonic acid is added to the blood until the pH reaches 7.4. Carbonic acid is added to the blood until the pH reaches 7.4. Carbonic acid always lowers the blood pH to 7.4. Carbonic acid always lowers the blood pH to 7.4. Carbonic acid can raise or lower the pH of blood.
Starchy foods in our diets, such as rice and potatoes, consist of many glucose molecules covalently bonded together to form
a complex carb
The bond that builds amino acid monomers into protein polymers is
a covalent bond also known as a peptide bond.
If a carbohydrate polymer is limited to two monomer units, such as sucrose made from glucose and fructose, it is called
a disaccharide
Evaporation of water is a change of water from
a liquid into a vapor
An ion is an atom that has
a net negative or positive charge, with the number of electrons different from the number of protons
The three major components in a nucleotide are
a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
The primary building block (monomer) of nucleic acids is
a nucleotide
an electron orbital is
a region where an electron is likely to be located
Select all of the ways that a base shifts the balance of an aqueous solution toward OH- ions.
absorb H+ ions release OH- ions
What type of chemical adds H+ to a solution?
acid
A(n) ______ is an inherited characteristic or behavior which enables an individual to survive better than without the inherited characteristic. Multiple choice question.
adaptation
The four nitrogen bases found in RNA are
adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
The primary building block (monomer) of proteins is
an amino acid
Water expands as it freezes because the hydrogen bonds in ice
are stable and "lock" molecules into a more widely-space array.
nonessential elements
argon, aluminum, helium
What type of reproduction passes genetic information from only one parent to the offspring?
asexual reproduction
Least inclusive to most inclusive
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?
atoms
In an ionic bond,
atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite charges.
primary producer
autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources
Organism
bacterial cell
A level of biological organization called the ______? includes all parts of Earth and its atmosphere where life can survive.
biosphere
What term refers to all parts of the planet that can support life?
biosphere
is water cohesive or adhesive?
both
Select all of the characteristics of variables in an experiment. can be the response that is measured can be changed by the investigator if-then statements describe the number of individuals in the experiment
can be the response that is measured can be changed by the investigator
glucose molecule is a
carb
The four major groups of organic compounds are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain both ______ and hydrogen.
carbon
atom
carbon
Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain ______ in distinct ratios and structures.
carbon and hydrogen
essential bulk elements
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium
What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?
cell
Which of the following is not an example of a monosaccharide?
cellulose
In the element neon, each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell. The atoms of neon will be
chemically stable
The property of water that produces water's surface tension is called ______, which is the tendency of water molecules to stick together.
cohesion
A type of chemical bond called a(n) ______ bond occurs within a molecule when two atoms in a molecule share electrons, such as carbon and hydrogen in the methane molecule pictured. Multiple choice question.
covalent
what bonds are formed between monomers to form a polymer?
covalent
What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei?
covalent bond
The diagram shows the monomers, glucose and fructose, before ______ occurs, which builds a polymer via the removal of water.
dehydration synthesis
The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can
dissolve a variety of substances
molecule
dna
floats around nucleus
electron
what is an area around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found?
electron orbital
both
enzymes are required
domain
eukarya, most general taxonomic category (least specific)
Kingdom
fungi, animalia
organ system
heart and blood vessels
consumer
heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms
decomposer
heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organisms
What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism?
homeostasis
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are acids because they release positively charged ______ ions into the solution.
hydrogen
Living organisms require a large temperature stimulus before the body temperature changes because the ______ bonds of water counteract molecular movement. Multiple choice question.
hydrogen
Sugars like glucose (C6H12O6) dissolve well in water because sugars form ____ bonds with water.
hydrogen
what allows water to be cohesive and adhesive?
hydrogen bonding
In living cells, a process by which cells break polymers down into monomers with the addition of water is
hydrolysis
Electrolytes in the body's fluids are examples of ______ molecules dissolved in water.
hydrophilic
What type of bond is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges?
ionic bond
what is a chemical bond that forms between atoms when one atom releases a valence electron to become a cation, and the other atom uses this electron to complete its own valence shell and becomes an anion?
ionic bond
essential trace elements
iron, copper
a base
is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution
an acid
is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
Compared to a glucose molecule, the starch molecule shown here
is used for energy storage in plant cells.
lipid
its main feature is its water repellent property, stored in adipose tissue
protein
its monomers are called amino acids
carbs
its polymers are called polysaccharides
is frozen water less or more dense than liquid water?
less dense causing ice to float
In biology, facts and discoveries can be used to ask interesting questions about
life
Phospholipids that form cell membranes, steroids that act as vitamins and hormones, waxes that prevent water loss or water saturation, and triglycerides (fats) that act as energy reserves are all types of ________.
lipids
What is a group of joined atoms, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
molecule
Atoms can bond together to form
molecules
The ring structure of glucose indicates that it is a(n)
monosaccharide
Eukarya
mushroom, plantae, lemur, multicellular organism
What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics? Multiple choice question.
natural selection
What type of solution has an equal amount of H+ and OH-?
neutral
no charge
neutron
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons
An amino acid contains a structural "backbone" chain of
nitrogens and carbons
Nucleotides are the monomers of polymers called _____ acids, including DNA and RNA.
nucleic acid
What type of polymer is made up of many nucleotides?
nucleic acid
What is true of water?
one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms the bonds of a water molecule are polar
A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is a(n) ______ of a plant.
organ
What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions? Multiple choice question.
organ
Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called
organelles
What are membrane-bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions?
organelles
Select all of the biological levels of organization than occur in single-celled organisms.
organelles, atoms, molecules, and cells
ecosystem
organisms, water, air, and nutrients in a desert area
Water has unique properties which include its strength as a solvent; its three environmental stages of solid, liquid, and gas; and its temperature regulation. These properties are due to polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. The polar covalent bonds are a result of
oxygen being more electronegative and therefore attracting more electrons than hydrogen.
base
pH higher than 7
acid
pH lower than 7
acidic
pH of 3, orange juice, and H+ concentration of 10^-5
neutral
pH of 7
What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?
peptide bonds
neither kingdom not domain
prokaryotes, taxonomic group containing all life on earth
The group of organic molecule polymers with the most complex and diverse three-dimensional structure is
proteins
What type of organic molecule is composed of monomers called amino acids?
proteins
A hydrogen ion (H+) has only one subatomic particle, a(n) ______.
proton
postive charge
proton
The mass number is defined as the total number of __________ of an atom.
protons and neutrons
The atomic number of an element is the number of
protons in the nucleus
subatomic particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
neutral
pure water, pH of 7
What uses evidence and experiments to test ideas and answer questions?
scientific method
The ______ structure of proteins involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen bonding.
secondary
The helix that forms in a single polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonds between the amino groups and carboxyl groups of different amino acids is an example of
secondary structure of protein
Which of the following amino acids will be located on the interior of a folded protein? Select all that apply. Refer to a chart showing the structures of the 20 common amino acids, such as that shown in appendix E. (Hint: Nonpolar amino acids are hydrophobic and polar amino acids are hydrophilic.)
serine, cysteine, proline, valine, leucine, glutamine, threonine
In a covalent bond, atoms
share electrons
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
single-celled organism without nucleus, includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms and unicellular eukaryotic organisms
because water is polar, it is a good what?
solvent
Select all of the following that are types of lipids.
steroids waxes phospholipids triglycerides
Select all of the following that are hydrophilic.
sugars many ions salts
What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?
taxonomy
The ______ structure of a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water.
tertiary
The formation of stabilizing disulfide bridges between certain R groups occurs in what type of protein structure?
tertiary
When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?
the heat denatures the proteins in the egg
community
the plants, animals, and microorganisms that inhabit a particular field
A water molecule is composed of how many atoms
three
which are lipids?
triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, steroid.... NOT STARCH
In an atom, each individual electron orbital (not energy level) may contain up to how many electrons?
two
The first energy shell of an atom has one orbital. Therefore, it can contain a maximum of ________ electron(s).
two
What type of triglyceride contains fatty acids with at least one double bond between the carbons, causing kinks in the fatty acids?
unsaturated fat
what is the outermost electron energy shell of an atom is called what?
valence shell
Many fungi, plants, bacteria, and animals produce toxic chemicals to
ward off potential competitors or predators
What substance regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?
water
hydrolysis
water molecules are broken apart, polymers are broken apart, occurs in your stomach as part of digestion
dehydration synthesis
water molecules are produced, monomers are joined together, occurs when nucleotides are joined together during DNA replication