Biology Exam 13, 14, 15, 16

Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity? a. losing 25% of a population of 100 individuals b. losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals c. losing 25% of a population of 1000 individuals d. losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals e. all of the above

b. losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals

Which of the following increases genetic diversity in populations? a. genetic drift b. mutations c. natural selection d. founder effect e. all of the above

b. mutation

Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

behavioral

Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of _________ isolation.

behavioral

A paleontologist studies ____________________.

fossils

A group of Trichechus manatus migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000 years ago, and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean. This is an example of __________ effect.

founder

Most of the animals in the Hawaiian Islands came from one initial group that migrated to the islands. They represent an example of __________ ____________

founder effect

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. This is an example of ___________ ___________

gene flow

Because of global travel, a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria arsing in China may soon appear in New York City. The introduction of the new antibiotic resistant bacteria in New York would be an example of _____ _______

gene flow

Evolution is more likely to occur in populations separated by geographical barriers because these interrupt ______ _______

gene flow

Movement of alleles from one population to another is ________ ________

gene flow

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's __________ __________

gene pool

The total collection of alleles in a population is the ________ _______

gene pool

A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg, but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg. This is an example of ______________ isolation

genetic

Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance is ____ _________

genetic drift

Current day is part of the ___ era.

cenozoic

The mammals flourished during the ____ era.

cenozoic

The origin of humans was during the ____ era.

cenozoic

Plate tectonics influences ___. a. local climate b. distribution of organisms c. evolution of species on land. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs only in populations that meet which of the following requirements? a. mutations do not occur b. individuals mate at random c. natural selection does not occur d. all of these

d. all of these

Genetic drift may arise due to: a. chance b. bottleneck effect c. founder effect d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because: a. they have small land areas that make it relatively easy to monitor their population b. organisms cannot easily move off to islands c. few organisms can cross long distances across oceans to reach isolated islands d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Fossils are ______. a. preserved animals of any age b. bones, teeth, or shells c. plant or animal remains that have been filled with sandstone or shale d. any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old

d. any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old

Ecological isolation facilitates speciation by (increasing or decreasing) gene flow.

decreasing

The ________________________ was known as the Age of Fishes.

devonian

The dissimilarities of the physical appearance of vertebrate adults can be explained by _________________________ gene expression.

differential

A population of lizards lives on an island and has a large range of adult body sizes. A new predator is introduced to the island, and this predator prefers eating only small lizards. What pattern of natural selection would you expect the lizard population to experience as a result of this change to their environment? _________ selection

directional

Antibiotic resistance is an example of which pattern of natural selection? _____________ selection

directional

If selection pressures remove all examples of one extreme phenotype from a population, this is _____ selection.

directional

MRSA in humans is an example of ___ Selection.

directional

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is _____________ selection

directional

_____________ selection occurs when both extremes are selected for and both become the dominant form. This can cause two different species to form from the original parent species.

diverse

Natural selection that favors survival of extreme phenotypes of a population is called __________ selection

diversifying

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is _______ selection

diversifying/disruptive

Highest level of classification. The group that contains the majority of species.

domain

What is decreased as a result of stabilizing selection? a. the middle phenotypic range of variation b. one extreme of the phenotypic variation range c. the most suited phenotypic range d. population growth e. the range of phenotypic variation

the range of phenotypic variation

Place the classification levels of species in the correct order from broadest category to most specific.

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Drug-resistant populations of bacterial strains are a result of: a. fast bacterial doubling time outpacing typical drug doses b. drugs or other selective environmental pressures c. binary fission d. manipulations in the lab to create new strains for research e. transmission from an infected person

drugs or other selective environmental pressures

Bacteria usually reproduce by _______ __________

binary fission

The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of ________ effect.

bottleneck

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 : 2pq represents the frequency of ___________ individuals

heterozygous

Similar structures in different organisms inherited from a common ancestor and have the same embryonic origin are said to be ______________________.

homologous

The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are _______________________structures.

homologous

A mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey. This is an example of ____________ infertility.

hybrid

Mating between closely related individuals is known as ___________

interbreeding

The first flowering plants, first true mammals and first true frogs appeared during the ___ period.

jurassic

If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed: ____________________

vestigial

The order that inclues humans.

primates

Which kingdom contains the highest number of classified species?

animal

The kingdom that includes humans.

animalia

Although this kingdom has the least number of identified and classified species, its diversity is really unknown.

archae

After bacterial asexual reproduction, the daughter cells produced: a. are identical to each other b. have half the chromosome number c. are genetically different d. have double the DNA content e. exchange genes by transformation

are identical to each other

A mass extinction caused by a rare asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula occurred during the ____ period which ended the mesozoic era.

crestaceous

What percentage of life on the planet died off during the Permian extinction?

95%

Which of the following people are at the lowest risk of acquiring MRSA? a. a computer consultant who works from home b. someone who works as a guard at a local prison c. a rugby player on a successful team d. a worker in a local daycare e. a janitor at a major city hospital

a computer consultant who works from home

Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

mechanical

Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise, but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell. The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible, leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated. This is an example of ____________ isolation.

mechanical

what is the smallest level of classification?

species

Rank the following in order of least reliable evidence of common ancestry to most reliable. ______ similarity of anatomy ______ similarity of DNA ______ similarity of habitat

1. similarity of habitat 2. similarity of anatomy 3. similarity of DNA

The total number of classified species known to science is rougly ____ million.

1.5

There are ___ domains.

3

Every night when you put on your pajamas, you put that day's pants in the laundry basket first, then that day's shirt. You wash all your laundry on Sunday. After undressing on Friday, you realize you left your driver's license in your pants pocket on Wednesday. If each shirt is one layer and each pair of pants is also one layer, how many layers do you have to remove from the laundry basket to find Wednesday's pants? Remove _____ layers, and the pants are layer _____.

5, 6

If a fossil is found on top of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age? _____________________

530 mya

If a fossil is found beneath two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age? ___________________

570 mya

How long ago did dinosaurs go extinct?

65 million years ago

A bacterial strain divides once every 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, a single bacterium can form a total of ______ bacteria

8

A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C, lowest on island A, and island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels. What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by this species:

C, B, A

The first diverse animal world appeared during the ___ explosion.

Cambrian

The father of the modern evolutionary theory is ________ _________

Charles Darwin

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was _____ ________

Charles Darwin

True or False: The wings of a bird are homologous to the wings of a honeybee.

False

This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.

Oxygen

the continents wer recognize today used to be one supercontinent called___.

Pangea

The first fossil remains are from this geologic time.

Pre-cambrian

True or False: Humans do not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and therefore the allele and genotype frequencies are changing. This results in the evolution of the human population.

True

True or False: If the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, and allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, then evolution is not occurring.

True

True or false. Comparing amino acid sequences in cytochrome c can determine relatedness among organisms.

True

All of the following are tetrapods, EXCEPT. a. ray-finned fishes. b. amphibians. c. reptiles. d. birds. e. mammals.

a. ray-finned fishes.

MRSA is caused by: a. streptococcus aureus b. a drug-resistant form of S. aureus c. S. aureus USA300 d. a drug-resistant form of a virus e. a drug-resistant form of Methicillian aureus

a drug-resistant form of S. aureus

A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to specific insecticides, even though those insecticides were highly effective when they were first introduced. Biologists believe that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because: a. individual mosquitoes built up an immunity to an insecticide after being exposed to it b. mosquitoes needed to develop insecticide resistance to survive after the insecticide was used c. a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed that trait on to their offspring. d. the presence of the insecticide caused some mosquitoes to develop resistance; they survived and passed the trait to their offspring e. current mosquito populations are phenotypically variable and exhibit differential fitness in different environments

a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed that trait on to their offspring

Which bacterial phenotype would have the highest fitness if it were cultured in a medium containing antibiotics? a.a slightly antibiotic-resistant variant b. a moderately antibiotic-resistant variant c. a highly antibiotic-resistant variant d. an antibiotic-sensitive variant e. all phenotypes have equal fitness

a highly antibiotic-resistant variant

Over-prescription of antibiotics and their improper use is a cause of: a. a decrease in drug-resistant species b. elimination of drug-resistant species c. a rise in drug-resistant species d. keeping the level of MRSA infections stable e. decreasing MRSA levels in hospitals

a rise in drug-resistant species

If all vertebrates have the same genetic sequence for a particular protein, what conclusion can be made? a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor. b. Mutations have made the sequences alike. c. Genetic sequences rarely mutate. d. There is only one functional way to make that protein. e. All living cells have the same genome.

a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor

Which organism would have the most similar DNA to humans? a. chimpanzee b. reptile c. amphibian d. bird e. fish

a. chimpanzee

Phylogeny is the study of___. a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms b. the distribution of living organism on Earth c. classification of living organisms d. the species richness of an ecosystem e. convergent evolution

a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms

Relative dating use________ a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings. b. 14C data of the surrounding. c. radiometric data. d. 14C data of the object being examined. e. ages of known fossils

a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings.

A population of Australian wallabies is fond to have many more homzygous individuals than expected. What does this result indicate? a. interbreeding is likely occurring b. the population size is very large c. the population is likely to be healthy d. the population is likely to be healthy but may not remain healthy for much longer e. allelic diversity is high

a. interbreeding is likely occurring

The definitions of a biological species developed by Ernest Mayr that is still used today. a. organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring b. organisms with the same number of chromosomes c. individuals within a population d. organisms that look alike

a. organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Living in aquatic environments, fish, whales, and lobsters all have a functioning tail fin that enables them to maneuver efficiently. However, phylogenetically, these individual organisms are not closely related. As a result, the tail fin in each organism is likely _______________________structure.

an analogous

Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is evolving b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving c. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing d. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are decreasing e. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are stable

b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving

Which mutation would most likely be selected against during evolution? a. a mutation in a noncoding region of a gene b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene c. a mutation in a noncoding promoter region d. a mutation in a short tandem repeat region e. a neutral mutation

b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene

Animal fossils usually have these structures. a. legs b. bony skeletons or hard shells c. tails d. scales e. teeth

b. bony skeletons or hard shells

The most direct evidence of evolution comes from ___. a. radiometric dating. b. homologous skeletons. c. mitochondrial DNA. d. similar mating habits.

b. homologous skeletons.

Which of these represents an example of a vestigial structure? a. insect and birds wings b. leg bones in whales c. dinosaur clavicles and bird wishbones d. All of these are correct.

b. leg bones in whales

of the taxonomic categories below, which has the least number of organisms or least inclusive category? a. kingdom b. order c. domain d. phylum e. class

b. order

A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes. The western lake contains a large, diverse population of a species of minnow. The eastern lake has never been populated by fish. When the channel opened, a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake. Soon after, the stream channel dried up and was never opened again. The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce, building a large population over time. Compared with the fish in the western lake, what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit. a. reduced genetic diversity but no change in allele frequency b. reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency c. no change in genetic diversity but a change in allele frequency d. no change in either genetic diversity or allele frequency e. the information provided is insufficient to answer the question

b. reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency

The fossil record could be improved with more of these. a. whole animal fossils b. transitional fossils c. mold fossils d. mineralized fossils e. trace fossils

b. transitional fossils

Staphlococcus aureus is a type of _________

bacteria

Antibiotics should only be prescribed for __________ infections

bacterial

The long bones of a bat wing are homologous to ___ a. the feathers of a bird. b. the wings of an insect. c. the humerus of a human. d. the fingers of a frog. e. the lower jaw of fish.

c. the humerus of a human

Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas behind Darwin's theory of Natural Selection? a. there is variation in populations b. there is competition between individuals in a population c. individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring d. inherited characteristics can increase an individual's survivability and reproductive success

c. individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring

Homology in comparative anatomy refers to ___. a. a similar shape and size. b. similarity in size and function. c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor. d. similarity and no common ancestor. e. similarity of structure but not function.

c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor

Natural selection causes: a. changes in an individual's genes b. changes in allele frequencies within a population c. a decrease in reproductive fitness in a population d. the inheritance of acquired characteristics e. changes in the mechanism of inheritance

changes in allele frequencies within a population

Two types of fish live in a lake. They are extremely similar in size, shape, and body color so as to be indistinguishable. The two types eats slightly different size prey. To determine if they are different species a researcher should:

check if they interbreed successfully / check if they produce offspring that can reproduce

The similarities of vertebrate embryos can be explained by descent from a _____________________.

common ancestor

The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that they share a ___________________________________.

common ancestor

A student who shares a dorm suite and bathroom with seven other students has contracted a skin infection caused by MRSA. Based on what you know about MRSA and about the student, where would you look first for the source of the bacteria? a. contaminated equipment at the gym b. contaminated shared food c. contaminated used soap and towels d. a suite-mate with an upper respiratory infection who is sneezing and coughing e. shared hypodermic needles

contaminated used soap and towels

Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck? a. 100 elephants b. 1000 mice c. 103 E.coli d. 10 cats e. 100 humans

d. 10 cats

Earth is estimated to be around a. 1-2 million years old b. 3-4 million years old c. 1-2 billion years old d. 4-5 billion years old e. 1-2 trillion years old

d. 4-5 billion years old

The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Chimpanzee - 0 differences; Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences; Yeast - 42 differences. Since similarities in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c parallel the degree of relatedness between these species, this information tells us: a. That humans are more related to pigeons than fruit flies b. That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast c. That humans are more related to chimpanzees than to Rhesus monkeys d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct

Which does NOT describe the body structure of Tiktaalik? a. It had a long, flat head. b. Gills were present. c. It had sturdy ribs to support the body on land. d. It had jointed fingers and toes. e. Its neck was mobile.

d. It had jointed fingers and toes

A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this? a. Ostriches are not true birds. b. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had wing-like arms and glided among trees. c. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight. d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew. e. Ostriches evolved first, then all other flying birds evolved from ostriches.

d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew

Which of the following populations is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions? a. a population of 50 individuals with low allelic diversity b. a population of 50 individuals with high allelic diversity c. a population of 1000 individuals with low allelic diversity d. a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity e. allelic diversity does not matter, only the size of the population

d. a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity

The four-toed ancestor of the modern horse would have been well suited to life in the ____. a. open grasslands. b. desert. c. savannah. d. forest. e. tropics.

d. forest

Which of the following contributes to keeping allele frequencies constant in a population? a. mutation b. immigration c. genetic drift d. random mating

d. random mating

The "Cambrian explosion" refers to: a. the mass extinction of dinosaurs b. the development of the first true cell c. the origination of life d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals e. none of the above are correct

d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals

A 200-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed. Based on the following results, which is most closely related to humans? a. vertebrates with 45 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA b. vertebrates with 65 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA c. vertebrates with 10 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA e. vertebrates with 44 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA

d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA

In a comparison of DNA between two species, maximum homology and relatedness is indicated if ___. a. 100% of the bases are A, T, G, and C. b. 100% of the amino acids are the same. c. 100% of the noncoding regions are the same. d. 100% of the DNA is the same in the coding region of a gene. e. 100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.

e. 100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.

How old are the oldest known fossils? a. 30-40 million yo b. 400-500 million yo c. 800-900 million yo d. 1-2 billion yo e. 3-4 billion yo

e. 3-4 billion yo

Population genetics is the: a. study of the genetic makeup of populations b. study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time c. study of the total collection of alleles in a population d. only A and B e. A, B, and C

e. A, B, and C

Tiktaalik is an important fossil because it is a(n) ___. a. intermediate fossil. b. transitional fossil. c. link between fish and tetrapods. d. fish with useful terrestrial adaptations. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above

The fossil record is in many cases incomplete because: a. The vast majority of organisms never left a fossil trace b. Many organisms rapidly decomposed after death c. Many organisms were eaten after death d. Many fossils are never discovered because of their location (buried deep in the earth) e. All of the above are correct

e. All of the above are correct

Allele frequencies of a population can change by: a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. mutations in the gene pool d. founder effect e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by: a. flood b. extreme temperatures c. hunting d. overfishing e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The field of biogeography provides information about ____. a. the geographic location of a speies b. the distribution or range of a species c. the adaptations of a species over time d. the evolutionary history of a species. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800's, a species of above ground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels, where it successfully lived and bred. In the late 1990's, scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species. The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is _________ succession.

ecological

Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as _____________ isolation

ecological

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to their habitat is _________ isolation.

ecological

Humans belong in which domain?

eukaryote

Changes in individual allele frequencies in a population over time is best referred to as __________

evolution

True or False: individuals adapt which leads to populations evolving

false

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism's ________

fitness

the scientific name for every organism consists of the names of the ___ and ___.

genus and species

The ____________________ fish were the intermediates between ray-finned fish and tetrapods.

lobe-finned

The cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the ____ era.

mesozoic

The reptiles flourished during the ___ era.

mesozoic

A species of small lizards has three color forms: pale gray, brown, and black. In its original range, the colors of the rocky environment were mixed from pale gray to very dark, and the population had an even mix of all three color forms. The blending of colors with the environment helps the lizards hide from predators. A group of these lizards ended up on an island with all gray rocks, and the island has no predators that eat lizards. What will the lizards look like in 50 years? a. all pale gray b. all black c. all brown d. mixture of gray and black only e. mixture of all colors

mixture of all colors

The differential survival of individuals with specific genotypes in response to environmental change is called _______ _________

natural selection

The driving force behind the evolution of horses is ___________.

natural selection

The process of ________ ___________ was the mechanism Darwin described for weeding out less fit species.

natural selection

_____________ ________________ is the main mechanism for evolution

natural selection

members of a(n) ___ are less closely related to each other than members of a class.

phylum

The first organisms on land were

plants

The domain eukarya includes (4 things)

plants, fungi, animals, and protists

The movement of Earth's crust is termed___.

plate tectonics

All the individuals of a single species living in a specific area compose a ____________

population

Evolution occurs at the ___________ level as gene frequencies change

population

The process by which new species originate is called __________

speciation

members of a(n) ___ are more closely related to each other than members of a genus.

species

A thin-shelled crab can more readily move to escape a predator than can a thick-shelled crab, but it is more vulnerable to predators that drill through the shell. Because of these opposing forces, shell thickness for many types of crabs has remained within a narrow range over a long time. This would be an example of ____________ selection

stabilizing

Human birth weight is an example of _______ selection

stabilizing

Natural selection that favors survival of an intermediate phenotype of a population is called ________ selection

stabilizing

When extreme phenotypes are selected against and disappear, which pattern of natural selection is at work? __________ selection

stabilizing

Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges, but no hybrid offspring are produced. Spotted skunks breed in the fall, striped skunks breed in the spring. This is an example of _________ isolation.

temporal

Two populations exhibit _________ isolation when they have different mating seasons.

temporal

Which of the following is TRUE of bacterial reproduction? a. the daughter cells are identical to the parent cells b. one cell divides to produce four cells c. reproduction is sexual and thus allows for genetic diversity in the new cells d. it takes 24 hours for a bacterial population to double in size

the daughter cells are identical to the parent cells

True or False: Populations evolve and individuals adapt.

true

True or False: the increased rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics is compelling evidence for evolution

true

True or False: the principles of Darwinian evolution operate in today's world.

true

Although ostriches use their wings in mating rituals, they are unable to use them to fly. As such, they would be considered ______________________structures.

vestigial

Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are __________________________ characteristics.

vestigial

When does speciation occur in sexually reproducing organisms:

when members of a population can no longer produce fertile offspring