Biology Exam #2 (Chapters 14, 15, & 16)

Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent.

First cells originate, photosynthesis begins, oxygen builds in the atmosphere, eukaryotes arise on Earth, multicellular red algae arise, human beings arise.

The domains that contain prokaryotes are

both Archaea and Bacteria.

Marine algae that are multicellular and include the kelps are called __________ algae.

brown

In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as

decomposers.

Silica walls are characteristic of

diatoms.

Dormant, thick-walled structures that are produced by some bacteria and that can withstand extremely harsh conditions are called

endospores

According to the __________ theory free-living bacteria were engulfed by prokaryotic cells and eventually became chloroplasts and mitochondria.

endosymbiont

In setting up a lab for a general biology course, you are asked to match labels with a timeline on the wall. For "First Cells", you need to find a point on the timeline

four billion years ago.

Mycorrhizae are associations in which a plant provides carbohydrates to a __________ partner, which helps the plant absorb water and minerals.

fungal

Where does fertilization occur in angiosperms?

in ovules

A mass of fungal hyphae branching within a food source and absorbing nutrients is called a

mycelium

What symbiotic partnerships form between plant roots and fungi, and increase water and mineral absorption by the plant?

mycorrhizae

A prokaryotic cell typically has its DNA contained in

one circular chromosome

Gymnosperms have an advantage over ferns in that gymnosperms

produce pollen & do not require water to reproduce.

Cycads are

trees that produce large cones.

The Miller experiment was the first in history that attempted to recreate chemical conditions on Earth before life arose.

True

Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic. Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

a green algae

Dictyoselium discoideum consists of amoeba-like cells that move independently, feeding on bacteria. When the food runs out, cells begin to aggregate to produce spores. Dictyostelium discoideum is which kind of organism?

a heterotroph & autotroph

The three most common shapes of bacteria are

bacillus, spirillum, and coccus.

Eukaryotic cells arose about

1.5 billion years ago

What type of protist can exist as amoebae that engulf bacteria or slug aggregations that form a spore-producing stalk?

cellular slime molds

Plants evolved from ancestral protists that were closely related to

green algae.

Ferns have advantage over bryophytes in that ferns

have a vascular system, which allows them to grow taller.

Circles of DNA that are apart from the chromosome and that are found in many bacteria and archaea are called

plasmids

Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

reproductive structures

In all cells, __________ are structures that use information in RNA to assemble proteins.

ribosomes

What evolved in terrestrial plants to provide support & transport for water & minerals?

vascular tissues

Match each genus of flagellated protozoa with its characteristics.

-Trichomonas: is sexually transmitted -Giardia: causes diarrhea -Trypanosoma: causes Chagas disease

What group consists of amoeboid protozoa?

Paramecia

__________ are short, hairlike projections made of proteins found on the surface of some bacterial cells that are used for attachment.

Pili

Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes are single-celled.

All protists

are eukaryotes.

Photosynthetic protists that live in water are called

algae

Foraminiferans, radiolarians, and Amoeba proteus are all

amoeboid protozoa

Flowers & fruits are unique to

angiosperms.

Fungi that live between the cells of plant tissue without causing disease is called

endophytes.

Which is not a member of the gymnosperms?

ferns

Microscopic filaments of cells called __________ make up the body of a fungus.

hyphae

The two groups of angiosperms are

monocots & eudicots.

Associations of fungi & plant roots are called

mycorrhizae.

Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

the endosymbiont theory

Select all of the following that are characteristics of fungi.

-store carbohydrates as glycogen -includes the unicellular yeasts -break down food outside their bodies -more closely related to animals than plants

Match each label to its correct fungal phylum.

-Chytridiomycota: swimming spores -Zygomycota: produce thick-walled sexual spores called zygospores -Glomeromycota: produce large asexual spores, but do not reproduce sexually -Ascomycota: complex fungi that produce spores in sacs -Basidiomycota: complex fungi that release sexual spores from club-shaped structures

Select all of the following that are types of partnerships that form between fungi and other organisms.

-lichens -mycorrhizae -endophytes

Select all the characteristics of dinoflagellates.

-live in marine environments -many have cells wall of overlapping cellulose plates -have two flagella -can cause red tides

Select all of the characteristics of ciliates.

-unicellular -numerous cilia -free-living and parasitic types

Match each type of prokaryote on the left with its oxygen requirement on the right.

-obligate aerobe: requires oxygen in its environment for ATP generation -obligate anaerobe: oxygen is toxic, so it lives in environments with no oxygen -faculatative anaerobe: can live in enviroments with oxygen or environments without oxygen

Select the characteristics of diatoms.

-occur in most moist places on Earth -have two-part silica cell walls -unicellular algae

Classify each description into the correct fungal group

-Ascomycota: diverse species that produce sexual spores in sacs called asci; include morels & truffles -Basidiomycota: all species live underground in association with plant roots; produce haploid sexual spores on club-shaped basidia -Chytridiomycota: produce swimming cells; reproduce asexually with zoospores -Glomeromycota: fruiting bodies include mushrooms, puffballs, & shelf-like structures; produce large asexual spores, but not known to reproduce sexually -Zygomycota: reproduce sexually with zygospores & asexually with spore sacs; produce diploid, thick-walled zygospores

Match the name of the fungal phylum with the type of spore that it produces.

-Basidiomycota: sexual spores from club-shaped structures -Ascomycota: sexual spores produced in sacs -Glomeromycota: only asexual spores, which are large and distinctive -Zygomycota: thick-walled zygospores -Chytridiomycota: gametes and spores with flagella

The term "gymnosperm" means

"naked seed"

Classify each description into the correct group of algae.

-Dinoflagellates: cell walls made of overlapping cellulose plates; can produce deadly toxins -Diatoms: unicellular with silica cell walls; used in reflective paints and abrasive products -Brown algae: include largest and most complex protists; include kelp -Red algae: pigments allow it to conduct photosynthesis in deep ocean waters; reddish and bluish photosynthetic pigments -Green algae: unicellular, filamentous, colonial, or multicellular forms; ancestors of land plants

Match each terrestrial adaptation in plants to its correct description.

-Leaves: Increase surface area for photosynthesis -Stomata & cuticle: Minimize water loss from plants -Vascular tissue: Nutrient & fluid transport -Roots: Obtain minerals & water from environment -Flowers: Reproductive structure in angiosperms -Pollen grains: Deliver sperm cells to female flower parts

Match each description to the correct type of algae.

-Red algae: conduct photosynthesis in deep ocean water; used to make agar -Dinoflagellates: cells have two flagella and cause harmful algal blooms -Diatoms: unicellular with two-part silica cell walls -Brown algae: largest protists -Green algae: the protists most similar to plants

Match each prokaryotic structure with its function.

-Ribosome: protein assembly -Flagellum: movement -Cell wall: gives shape to cells -Plasmid: protein extension used in DNA transfer & adhesion -Cell membrane: encloses cytoplasm & cell contents -Pilus: extra-chromosomal material that encodes proteins

Categorize each label with the plant group it describes.

-Seedless vascular plants: swimming sperm; vascular tissue -Gymnosperms: vascular tissue; seeds -Angiosperms: vascular tissue; pollen; seeds; flowers; fruits

Match each type of plant to its correct description.

-True moss: These nonvascular plants can often survive on bare rock. -True fern: This vascular plant produces swimming sperm. -Angiosperm: This vascular plant produces flowers that, when pollinated, develop into fruits. -Conifer: This vascular plant produces seeds but flowers & fruits.

Match each term with its correct description of prokaryotic cell shape.

-coccus: spherical-shaped -bacillus: rod-shaped -spirillum: spiral-shaped -strepto: cells arranged in a chain -staphylo: cells arranged in clusters

Select all of the following that are characteristics of plasmodial slime molds.

-form spores -can form a huge cell with thousands of nuclei

Select all the characteristics of apicomplexans.

-internal parasites of animals -spore-forming -cluster of microtubules and organelles at the end of the cell -nonmotile

Place in order the stages in the life cycle of a cellular slime mold, beginning with scarce food conditions at the top.

1. Amoebae secrete chemicals when food is scarce. 2. Secreted chemicals stimulate neighboring cells to aggregate. 3. Aggregation turns into a sluglike structure. 4. Sluglike structure moves toward light and eventually stops and forms a fruiting body that produces spores. 5. Fruiting body breaks down but spores survive and are spread by animals, wind, and water. 6. Spores germinate into single cells that exist as haploid amoebae.

The following items describe the endosymbiosis theory. Arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Evolution of aerobic bacteria 2. Primary endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria by a host cell 3. Primary endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria by a host cell 4. Secondary endosymbiosis of early eukaryote by a protist

Place the stages of the sexual life cycle of a basidiomycete in the order in which they occur, beginning at the top with the fusion of haploid hyphae.

1. Two haploid hyphae fuse, creating a dikaryotic mycelium. 2. The mycelium continues growing in a food source, eventually producing a mushroom. 3. Club-shaped cells form on the gills of the mushroom. 4. Haploid nuclei fuse, producing a diploid zygote. 5. The zygote goes through meiosis, producing 4 haploid spores. 6. Spores are dispersed by wind or water and then germinate.

Evidence that green algae are the closest relatives to plants is that they both

All answers are correct. (have chloroplasts, contain chlorohyll a., have cellulose-rich cell walls, use starch as a nutrient reserve)

Hornworts are bryophytes.

True

The fungal body consists of microscopic, thread-like filaments called

hyphae