Biology Exam #2

Stroma

-"the mouth" -between inner and outer membrane

Anabolism

-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy -endergonic reaction ex. photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

-Metabolizes molecules -Decomposers -Comsumers

Local Regulators

-Signaling substances -In the cytosol -bind to specific receptors on target cell

ATP

-energy currency -primary energy coupler

Autotrophs

-make their own food -produce organic molecules from CO2 -Producers

Organisms with chlorophyll

1. Plants 2. Algae 3. Cyanobacteria

1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response

3 stages of cell signaling

Co2 is breathed out and H2O is peed out

How does fat leave the body?

Bind to the receptor protein and enter into the nucleus and activate specific genes

How does testosterone function in the cell?

Competitive Inhibition

If a drug discovered blocks the active sites of a enzyme it is called what?

Enzyme

Increases rate of chemical reaction by decreasing the energy of activation

Catalyst

Is an enzyme used to increase chemical reaction by decreasing energy of activation

NADP+ reductase

NADP -> NADPH+ in photosystem I

Redox reaction

Name of reactions that are coupled?

Coenzymes

Nonprotein helpers that help enzyme break down food ex. vitamins DO NOT PROVIDE ENERGY

Cofactors

Nonprotein helpers that make it easier for substrate to fit into the active sire of an enzyme ex. inorganic molecules (zinc, iron, and copper)

Synaptic signaling

Occurs in the animal nervous system when a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse (gap between two cells) simulating a muscle or nerve cell

Photoautotrophs

Organelles that use light as their energy source?

higher energy and increase in frequency

Shorter wavelength=

1. NADH plastoauinone 2. 2 Cytochromes 3. Plastocyanin 4. Ferredoxin

What are the four electron carriers?

cAMP & calcium

What are the second messenger?

It will change the tertiary structure causing denaturation

What happens to an enzyme if there is too much heat?

Not able to response to signal of stress, drought, or cold

What happens to plants that are deficient in calcium?

All carbon atoms become CO2 and exit the cell

What happens to the carbon atoms during the citric acid cycle?

Pigment goes from ground state to excited state= photooxidation

What happens to the proton when it hits the pigment and electrons jump to higher orbital?

Lactic acid (less oxygen is reaching muscles)

What happens when you become fatigue and muscles get a lot of acid?

Ligand

What is a small molecule that binds to receptors?

Energy of activation

What is the Thermodynamic barrier?

Substrate binds to active site to form enzyme complex

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Rubisco

What is the enzyme that aid in accepting Co2 in RuBP?

Transition step: pyruvate to acetyl CoA (make 2 NADH and 2 Co2)

What is the first step in cellular respiration that releases CO2?

RuBP

What is the main component of the Calvin cycle that accepts Co2?

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

What is the membrane receptors that bind phosphate to tyrosine?

Terminal (final) electron acceptor

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Paracrine signaling

What is the signal that allows local regulate into short distance?

Brings a conformational shape to proteins

What is the signal transduction transmission in a series of proteins cause?

Control genes that turn on to form mRNA

What is true about transcription factors?

Chemiosmosis Phosphorylation

What makes the most ATP?

Co2 is fixed into sugar

What occurs during the Calvin cycle?

Light reaction

What produces oxygen?

The aerobic bacteria will be evenly distributed

What will happen if there is no prism in the Engelmann's experiment?

Stroma

Where doe the Calvin cycle occur?

Saturation Point

Where every enzyme has been saturated with a substrate and no more active sites

1. Inner membrane of mitochondria 2. Thylakoid membrane in chloroplast

Where is ATP synthase in plant cells?

Inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

Where is the ETC?

Photosystem II

Where it is sensitive to 680nm

Catabolic

Which metabolic pathway will release energy from breaking down complex?

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Which phase will use substrate level phosphorylation?

Glycolysis

Which process of cellular respiration will occur with and without oxygen?

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective ex. heavy metals

Oxidative phosphorylation

in ETC

Photophosphorylation

light reaction

Allosteric site

A molecule reversibly binds to allosteric site to inhibit or stimulate enzyme activity ex. Catabolic pathways have these sites that activate AMP binds and inhibits when ATP binds

Phosphorylation Cascade

A series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn, each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in line -causes a shape change in the phosphorylated protein

Toxin of Vibrio Cholerae

Bacteria that messes up the G protein so it cannot communicate -cause diarrhea

Induced fit hypothesis

Binding to the substrate changes the shape of the enzymes active site

Equation for respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy -glucose is oxidized -oxygen will accept electrons and get reduction

Photosynthesis equation

CO2+H20+sunlight =glucose+ O2

Energy coupling

Cells couple energy releasing catabolic and anabolic pathways ex. Adenosine=adenin +ribose

Chemoautotrophs

Harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

All reactions need:

ENERGY 1. Endergonic 2. Exergonic

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Second law of thermodynamics

Energy transformation by loss of usable energy "heat"

Red/yellow

The leaves turn yellow/red what wavelengths of light is not being absorbed?

Phosphorylation

The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule -gain more electrons=more energy -ADP+P=ATP (hydroylsis)

a and a

What are the two mating types of Saccharomyes Cerevisiae?

G protein

What does 60% of all medicine used today influence?

use light energy to spilt H20 and then release O2

What does photosystem II do in the noncyclic electron flow?

ATP

What does the cyclic electron flow produce?

NADPH (also ATP and O2)

What does the noncyclic electron flow cycle produce?

First enzyme will stop the whole pathway

What enzyme stops the pathway during feedback inhibition?

ATP synthase

What function as a water wheel?

Photosystem I

best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm