biology exam 2

Meristems

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for full growth of a plant.

meristem

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

allow molecules to move through the membrane.

channel proteins

plasmodesma

channels within plant cell wells that contain cytoplasmic strands and allow adjacent cells to directly exchange some materials

what are in plant cells but not animal cells?

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall

stiffens and strengthens the plasma membrane and help regulate its fluidity

cholesterol

cellular shapes are associated with epithelial tissues

columnar, cuboidal, squamous

gradual increase or decrease in concentration from one point to another

concentration gradient

dense fibrous connective tissue

connective tissue that has more collagen fibers than adipose or loose fibrous connective tissue

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord; vertebral cavity, cranial cavity

example of hypotonic solution

distilled water

tissues that consist of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer

epithelial tissues

Parenchyma

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system; found in ground tissue

cohesion-tension model

explains how water travels up the xylem to leaves

network of roots found in many monocots

fibrous root system

long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid

flagella

pinocytosis

form of endocytosis in which a vesicle forms around a liquid or very small particles and draws it into the cell

Sclerenchyma

ground-tissue with thick cells walls which function to provide support for plants.

solution that has a greater solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell

hypertonic solution

solution that has a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution

hypotonic

components of plasma

inorganic substances, water, organic substances

type of membrane protein that binds a specific molecule, bringing about a change in shape of the protein, which causes a cellular response (ex: insulin)

receptor protein

Example of isotonic solution

red blood cells and plasma

what cell structure is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus, organelle that functions in protein synthesis

ribosome

Protein synthesis can occur at ribosomes attached to the

rough endoplasmic reticulum

example of hypertonic

salt water

cytoplasm

semifluid medium within a cell

Which muscle tissues are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

stomata

small opening between two guard cells on plant leaves; allow gas exchange and water loss to occur when they are open

which types of molecules are more likely to be able to diffuse across a plasma membrane

small, nonpolar, uncharged

fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast

stroma

large membranous sac found in cells

vacule

Phloem

vascular tissue in plants that transports glucose

Xylem

vascular tissue in plants that transports water and nutrients

cuticle

waxy coat on the outer layer of epidermis of the body of a non-woody plant, which protects it from water loss and pathogenic organisms

palmate

webbed

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

most rigid type of connective tissue

bone

selectively transport molecules through the membrane

carrier proteins

enzyme that degrades hydrogen peroxide

catalase

One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)

1,000

epidermis of a plant

A single layer of cells that forms the outer layer.

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

prop roots

Adventitious roots that support the plant by anchoring above the soil line

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in ANIMAL cells ONLY; function in the process of microtubule assembly and disassembly

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

osteons

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

What type of cells have membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Primary growth in stems

Increase in length; occurs in apical mersitems in roots and shoot

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

structures that are found in animal cells

Plasma membrane Nucleoli Centrioles Mitochondria

secondary growth in stems

Secondary growth: produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants. (Vascular cambium triggers this)

mesophyll

Spongy tissue in the interior of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. contains ribosomes. functions in the transport of substances such as proteins

synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space; composed only of loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

what protein forms microtubules in the cell

Tubulin

why a hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell

Water rushes into the cell

Mycorrhizae

a structure being of a mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

serous membrane

a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body; thoracic and abdominal cavities

exocytosis

a vesicle containing macromolecules fuses with plasma membrane

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring cellular energy.

active transport

meristematic tissue

all tissue types in a plant arise from...

suberin

an inert impermeable waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues.

Monocots

angiosperms that have only one seed leaf or "cotyledon"

Eudicots

angiosperms with two embryonic cotyledons

which contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus

archaea, bacteria

lenticel

areas where the layer of cork cells is thin and loosely packed

Where is peptidoglycan found?

bacterial cell walls

phospholipids are arranged in a

bilayer

Epidermal tissue

type of tissue that is associated with the outer covering of a plant

solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution

isotonic

ligaments

joints that connect bone to bone

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

pinnate

leaf with one main vein

smooth ER synthesizes/produces

lipids and carbohydrates

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis; pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity

loose fibrous connective tissue would be found in

lungs, bladder

organelle is formed by the Golgi apparatus; function in intracellular digestion; contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes; aid in breaking down the macromolecule

lysosome

inner fluid-filled space of a mitochondrion is called the

matrix

enzymatic proteins

membrane proteins that catalyze chemical reactions near the plasma membrane

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

pericardium

membranous sac enclosing the heart

Centrioles are formed from

microtubules

two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use

mitochondria and chloroplast

pressure-flow model

model for predicting how sugars are transported from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of a plant; transportation of phloem

ATP

molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy-requiring cellular reactions

endomembrane system

nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum

Components of the endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, and the plasma membrane.

rough ER is involved with the production of

protein/polypeptide

fibrocartilage

pads between the bones of the vertebral column are made of the cartilage tissue

plasma membrane consists of

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (steroids)

eudicot leaves

pinnate or palmate

meristematic cells

plant cells that can divide throughout the entire plant life

separates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell

plasma membrane

Turger pressure (plant cells)

pressure in plant cells is created by the force of the cytoplasm pushing against cell wall; increases in hypotonic solution

taproot

primary root found in some plants, like eudicots, that grows longer and thicker than other roots (ex: carrot)

function of epithelial tissue

protect body surfaces and line body cavities

nodes

the points at which leaves are attached

cotyledon

the seed leaf of a plant embryo that provides it with nutrients

internodes

the stem segments between nodes

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

ground tissue

tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant (Sclerenchyma, parenchyma, and collenchyma)

cartilage

tissue that allows bones to slide against each other

what direction do the phosphate heads of the bilayer of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face

towards the outside and inside of the cell

endocytosis

transporting materials into a cell by the formation of a vesicle; inward pinching of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle

stem of plants

transports substances to and from the leaves through xylem and phloem

guard cells

two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore for gas exchange

Collenchyma

type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall in immature regions of the plant; helps support larger plants (ex: celery)

apical meristem

type of meristem that is located at the tips of stems and roots (Vascular, ground, and epidermal)