Biology Exam 3 Review
Which structure carries blood from the left ventricle to the body?
Aorta
What structures circulate blood in the blood vessels of the heart?
Coronary arteries
If a microbe grew optimally at a low pH, how might this affect its ability to act as a human pathogen?
It would only be effective as a pathogen in areas of the human body that have a low native pH.
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen?
Macrophages.
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
Which structure carries blood from the upper body to the right atrium?
Superior vena cava
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such art?
Swelling, redness, heat, and pain
An epitope associates with which part of an antibody?
The variable region
Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have which of the following?
a closed circulatory system
Which action below is affected by an antihistamine?
blood vessel dilation
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells
The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.
filtration
Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels, and increase in their permeability. Which of the signs of inflammation are therefore associated with histamine release?
redness, heat, and swelling
What is a characteristic of early stages of local inflammation?
release of histamine
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____.
requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____.
seawater in a tidal pool
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____.
smooth muscle
An anthropologist discovers fossilized animal remains that give strong evidence that the organism had a large, well-formed, most likely 4-chambered heart, with no connection between the right and left sides. Which of the following could most reasonably be hypothesized from this observation?
that the animal had a high energy requirement and was endothermic
Which of the following results in long-term immunity?
the administration of the chicken pox vaccine
Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common?
the exchange surfaces are moist
Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange?
the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills
Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires hardly any water for its excretion?
uric acid
What structures of the heart prevents backflow of blood?
valves
The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the _____.
warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood
If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen?
His T cells would mot mature and differentiate appropriately.
Clonal selection implies that
antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes
Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced?
liver from NH3 and CO2
Vaccination increases the number of _____.
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely
marine
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of _____.
metanephridia
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.
perforin ... cell-mediated
Which of the following is measured by an electrocardiogram?
the spread of impulses from the SA node
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is _____.
160 mm Hg
Which group possess excretory structures known as protonephridia?
flatworms
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?
Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?
Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?
The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?
The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
What is the advantage to having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time?
Two of these answers are correct.
If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration?
a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes
A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with _____.
antihistamines
What are antigens?
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
frogs
Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
giraffe
B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when _____.
helper T cells release cytokines
Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
Inflammatory responses typically include _____.
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?
inflammatory response
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are
isoosmotic
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment
isoosmotic; saltwater
Which of the following is true of ammonia?
it is soluble in water
The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.
natural killer cells
A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because
no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow
To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____.
rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth
An oil-water mixture is used as a spray against mosquitoes. How might this spray also affect gas exchange in other insects?
the oil might block the openings into the tracheal system
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
wind blowing across the body surface
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
