Biology Exam 5 (Chapter 12)

biomes

Earth's surface is split up into a series of ___________, which are specific zones with a particular biological community in a particular climatic zone.

one; cycled

Energy and chemicals move through ecosystems in different ways. Energy moves through an ecosystem in ______ direction, while nutrients are constantly _______ through the ecosystem.

This means that energy always enters an ecosystem as sunlight and exits as heat at all trophic levels.

Energy is described as having a one-way flow through an ecosystem. Briefly describe what this means.

a philosophical and social movement concerned with preserving the environment

Environmentalism is ________.

They tend to be stressed because they are adapted for a colder climate and the Midwest has hot and humid summers.

Evergreen trees are popular choices for landscaping, but they are native to northern climates. Briefly explain why those trees tend to be stressed in the Midwest.

This illustrates genetic biodiversity as the corn plants are being bred to have the same genes that give the plants the same resistances.

Farmers have planted large fields with single crops, like corn, that are genetically modified to resist drought, heat, insects, and so forth. There is little to no genetic variation in these organisms. What levels of biodiversity are illustrated in this example? Briefly explain why you chose your answer(s)

Introduction of the Chinese stingless wasp helped to keep the population of core borers in check. The mongoose was introduced in Hawaii to help control rat populations, but they ended up destroying native populations of turtles, snakes, and birds.

Give an example of when introducing a natural predator of an invasive species worked as planned and an example of when it didn't.

The United States had a larger number of people in retirement as a result of the aging baby boomers.

How did the age structure of the United States compare to Mexico's in 2010?

The two factors are appearance of a new species as a result of evolutionary change, and extinction.

Identify the two factors that affect species diversity.

species richness

If you are measuring the number of different species within an area, you are measuring _____________.

Freshwater, marine, and intermediate biomes.

List the three major types of aquatic biomes.

Three benefits include the food we eat, many of our medicinal drugs, and tourism to name just a few.

List three benefits of biodiversity to humans.

Filtering of runoff and raw materials for everyday goods are two goods and services that have market values.

List two goods or services provided by ecosystems that have market value.

The intrinsic value of the natural world and the ability to sustain and define cultures are two nonmarket values.

List two goods or services provided by ecosystems that have nonmarket value.

Ecosystems depend on the flow of energy and nutrient recycling.

On what two processes do the dynamics of ecosystems depend?

The driver of competition is the availability of resources like food and water.

One of the most basic species interactions is competition. What basic fact drives competition?

Seaweed and phytoplankton would be two examples of aquatic producers.

People are very familiar with the terrestrial (land) producers, but they are not as familiar with aquatic producers. List two aquatic producers.

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, and organism

Place the following levels of ecology in order from largest to smallest: ecosystem, organism, population, biosphere, and community.

This would be an example of a density-independent limiting factor.

Right before Halloween 2012, superstorm Sandy hit the northeastern coast of the United States. There was extreme devastation due to flooding and high winds. What kind of limiting factor was this? Briefly explain your answer.

the plants that live there

Terrestrial biomes are defined in a large part by ________.

invasive

The Asian kudzu bug (Megacopta cribaria) arrived in Atlanta in 2009 and is quickly spreading across the South. In addition to eating kudzu, it also eats soybeans and can decimate entire crops. The kudzu bug is a type of ________ species.

density-dependent

The bubonic plague is an example of a(n) _______________ limiting factor.

The climate of a tropical rainforest differs a coniferous forest in its temperature and rainfall.

The climate of a tropical rainforest differs from a coniferous forest in what two ways?

temperature and rainfall

The distribution of terrestrial biomes on Earth depends mostly on ________.

energy

The most significant abiotic factor is _____________.

an ecosystem ecologist

The processes of chemical cycling would be studied mainly by ________.

biological magnification

The tendency of toxins to accumulate in top predators is called biological ________.

integrated pest management

The use of multiple forms of pest control including biological, chemical, and the planting of pest-resistant crops is a strategy commonly called ________.

predator-prey

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood-sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. The bird-tick relationship is an example of ________.

parasitism

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood-sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. The tick-rhino relationship is an example of ________.

mutualism

There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood-sucking ticks out of the rhino's ears. The bird-rhino relationship is an example of ________.

True

True or False: Aquatic biomes cover most of the Earth's surface.

False, a food web is a complicated, interconnected web of all the organisms within a community and their relationships within the trophic structure of their ecosystem.

True or false: A food chain is a complicated, interconnected web of all the organisms within a com-munity and their relationships within the trophic structure of their ecosystem. If false, make it a true statement.

False, some deserts can be cold like the Gobi desert.

True or false: All deserts are characterized by extremely hot temperatures and very little precipitation. If false, make it a true statement.

False, an ecosystem consists of all the organisms in an area and the nonliving factors that influence the organisms.

True or false: An ecosystem consists of all the organisms found within an area. If false, make it a true statement.

False, aquatic biomes are characterized by salinity.

True or false: Aquatic biomes are defined by the rate of water flow. If false, make it a true statement.

False, biodiversity can be studied at many levels.

True or false: Biodiversity can be studied only at the atomic level. If false, make it a true statement.

False

True or false: Ecology focuses on studying relationships at the cell and molecular level.

False, ecology focuses on studying relationships at the organismal level and above.

True or false: Ecology focuses on studying relationships at the cell and molecular level. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Fire is actually beneficial in some ecosystems because it allows certain seeds to open. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Periodic fires of certain biomes are not only natural but beneficial. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Population ecology is the study of the changes in populations over time.

True

True or false: Population ecology is the study of the changes in populations over time. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Populations can remain relatively steady over time or they can undergo rapid periods of change.

True

True or false: Populations can remain relatively steady over time or they can undergo rapid periods of change. If false, make it a true statement.

False, primary producers convert the sun's energy by photosynthesis.

True or false: Primary producers convert the sun's energy to chemical energy by cellular respiration. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Species interact with each other and these relationships are known as interspecific interactions. If false, make it a true statement.

False, the loss of a keystone species can lead to the collapse of an ecosystem.

True or false: The loss of a keystone species almost always has no effect on the ecosystem. If false, make it a true statement.

False, due to biological magnification of toxins at higher trophic levels, many top predator species can be unsafe for human consumption.

True or false: You should consume as many top predator species as you want. If false, make it a true statement.

True

True or false: Zebra mussels were introduced into the Great Lakes by cargo ships draining their ballast water. If false, make it a true statement.

Habitat destruction, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change

What are the major causes of biodiversity loss?

A threatened species

What category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future?

Water would be one of the most limiting factors on land.

What do you think is one of the most limiting abiotic factors on land?

The problem is that they do not have any natural predators in their new area.

What is the key problem with invasive species?

Habitat destruction is the number one threat to biodiversity.

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?

Camouflage, chemical defenses, and speed are three adaptations that organisms can have to help them avoid predation.

What three adaptations have prey developed to help them escape predation?

Advances in medical care, nutrition, and sanitation were the three factors that led to a human population explosion.

What three key factors caused the death rate of humans to decline, which led to a population explosion?

Two factors are temperature and rainfall.

What two factors determine the distribution of biomes on earth?

Keystone species

What type of species, if removed from the community, could lead to the collapse of the entire community?

In the oceanic photic zone

Where would a coral reef most likely be found?

CO2

Which is the dominant greenhouse gas leading to global warming?

A) They hold and filter large amounts of water.

Which of the following is a benefit of wetlands? A) They hold and filter large amounts of water. B) They carry silt to the ocean. C) They contain coral reefs. D) They have thermal vents.

C) Peregrine falcon

Which of the following is a tertiary consumer? Refer to the food web figure on pg 309 of your textbook. A) Chipmunk B) Great horned owl C) Peregrine falcon D) Praying mantis

A) Temperate grasslands, B) Savanna, D) Chaparral

Which of the following terrestrial biomes is(are) subject to periodic fires? Circle all that apply. A) Temperate grasslands B) Savanna C) Tropical forests D) Chaparral

B) Mutualism

Which of the following types of interactions is beneficial to both species? A) Parasitism B) Mutualism C) Herbivory D) Predation

E) All of the above

Which of the following would be found in an ecosystem? A) A deer B) A boulder C) A swarm of bees D) A stream E) All of the above

c. all of these

Which of the following would be found in an ecosystem? a. a swarm of bees b. a boulder c. all of these d. a deer

Ecosystems include populations.

Which of these levels includes the other? Population; ecosystem

Competitive exclusion principle

Which principle states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist?

It is the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater biomes.

Why is an estuary considered an intermediate biome?

Studying human population growth is important because humans have a disproportionately high impact on the planet.

Why is it important for ecologists to study human population growth?

This interaction illustrates competition.

You are an ecologist working for the Sierra Club. While in Yosemite National Park, you observe a species of bird that consumes the same insect as a black bear. Which interspecies interaction does this illustrate?

Ecology

__________ is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other

Chaparral

___________ is a coastal area that is characterized by mild winters and hot, dry summers.

Biological control

_______________ is when ecologists introduce a natural predator of an invasive species in order to help control the invasive species.

Terrestrial biomes

___________________ are typically identified by the primary producers found within an area

Trophic structures

___________________ illustrate(s) the feeding relationships within an ecosystem.

Biological magnification

_____________________ is a toxin that is more concentrated at higher trophic levels.

organisms from multiple species interacting in the same place

A community in ecology is defined as ________.

Species richness and relative abundance comprise species diversity.

A community's species diversity consists of two components. Name both components.

You would expect the age structure to increase in width as the population increases and the number of people living longer would increase.

A developing country begins to rapidly expand the quality of its health care and sanitation as well as people's access to these services. Briefly describe what changes that country's age structure would begin to undergo.

This would be an example of primary succession as the asphalt parking lot would represent an environment that begins with little to no soil.

A movie theater goes out of business. The building and parking lot sit vacant for over 15 years. Over time, you notice the parking lot becoming more and more "overgrown" with vegetation. What kind of succession is this?

a group of organisms, all from the same species

A population in ecology is defined as ________.

nutrients

A solid understanding of an ecosystem's trophic structure makes it possible to trace the flow of energy and _________________ through the ecosystem.

producer

A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The grass is a ________.

community

A(n) _____________ is the sum of all the organisms in a particular area.

invasive species

A(n) ___________________ is a non-native species that was introduced accidentally or intentionally to an ecosystem.

Solar energy

All ecosystems need energy. What is the originating source for most of the energy that powers ecosystems on this planet?

Atmospheric CO2 taken in by photosynthesis

All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?

biodiversity

All the different species of organisms on earth are referred to as ____________.

population

All the members of a species within a particular area are known as a(n) _____________.

their salinity

Aquatic biomes are defined primarily by ________.

The CO2 released would be used by producers to make sugar during photosynthesis.

As a consumer, you release CO2 gas into the atmosphere as a result of breaking down sugars for energy. What would then happen to that CO2?

d. all of these

At what level is biodiversity often studied and measured? a. The diversity of species in a community b. The diversity of genes in a population c. The diversity of ecosystems on the planet d. all of these

Carnivores appear in all trophic levels starting in secondary consumers.

At which trophic level do carnivores begin to appear?

Intermediate aquatic biomes are areas where land and freshwater meet the ocean.

Briefly describe what is special about intermediate aquatic biomes.

Ecology is the scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment, while environmentalism is a political and social movement dedicated to maintaining environmental quality.

Briefly explain how ecology differs from environmentalism.

When one forest has a high relative abundance of one species it reduces the overall species diversity of that forest.

Briefly explain how two forests with the same species richness can be different in their species diversity.

It is a method that utilizes chemicals, sterilized pests, careful monitoring, pest-resistant crops, and other biological and behavioral changes to control the population of pests.

Briefly explain the components of integrated pest control.

A food chain is somewhat inaccurate because it does not show the actual interconnectedness of organisms in a community.

Briefly explain why a food chain is not a very accurate picture of an ecosystem's trophic structure.