Biology Exam Ch1-4

Indicate whether each of the following statements about atomic structure is true or false.

1. A neutral oxygen atom (atomic number = 8) has 8 electrons located in 2 different electron orbitals. False 2. Hydrogen has only one neutron and no protons in its nucleus. False 3. An atom consists of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons that are in constant motion. True 4. Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its electrons. False 5. The orbital of an electron is the volume of space where the electron is most likely to be found. True 6. Almost all of the volume of an atom is empty space. True 7. The reactivity or chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily on the number of neutrons it has. False 8. Modern physics indicates that we cannot determine the exact location of a particular electron at any given time. True 9. Electrons are maintained in their orbitals by their attraction to the positively charged nucleus. True 10. Atomic orbitals represent probability distributions for electrons and come in a variety of shapes. True

Indicate whether each of the following statements about covalent bonds is true or false.

1. A water molecule is held together by two single polar covalent bonds. True 2. Because oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen, water molecules are polar with two partial negative charges near the oxygen atom and one partial positive charge near each hydrogen atom. True 3. Atoms differ in their affinity for neutrons, a property called electronegativity. False 4. In general, electronegativity increases from left to right across each row of the periodic table and also increases down each column. False 5. In a nonpolar covalent bond there is an equal sharing of electrons between two atoms while polar covalent bonds involve an unequal sharing of electrons. True 6. A single molecule of oxygen (O2) is held together by two double nonpolar covalent bonds. False 7. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. True 8. Polar molecules are electrically neutral but the distribution of charge within the molecule is not uniform. True 9. Although C and H differ slightly in electronegativity, this small difference is negligible, and C-H bonds are considered polar. False 10. Of the 4 most common elements found in living organisms, nitrogen has the highest electronegativity and, therefore, the greatest affinity for electrons. False 11. A slightly positive hydrogen atom on one water molecule can attract the slightly negative oxygen atom on a different water molecule, leading to the formation of a hydrogen bond. True

For each statement below, indicate whether it is true or false.

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. True 2. Different cell types develop in a multicellular organism because each cell has its own unique set of genes. False 3. Underlying similarities in biochemistry and genetics support the idea that all life evolved from a single ancestor. True 4. Molecules in different organisms that perform the same function are likely to have a similar structure. True 5. Evolutionary conservation explains the diversity of life. False 6. Information stored in inorganic molecules is used to direct the synthesis of cellular components. False 7. Cells process information stored in their DNA as well as information they receive from the environment. True 8. Organisms are closed systems that require an input of energy in order to maintain their high level of complexity and organization. False 9. Homeostasis is possible because elaborate signaling networks coordinate the activities of different cells within an organism. True 10. The unity of living systems arises through evolutionary change. False

For each statement below, indicate whether it is True or False.

1. Breaking the hydrogen bond between two water molecules is called dissociation. False 2. When water dissociates, an oxygen atom separates from the rest of the molecule. False 3. The hydroxide ion has an overall charge of −1. True 4. A hydrogen ion is the same as a proton. True 5. When a hydrogen ion separates from a water molecule, it usually combines with another water molecule to form a hydronium ion. True 6. A hydronium ion has the formula H2O+. False 7. In pure water, at 25 OC, about 10% of the water molecules are dissociated at any given time. False 8. In pure water, the concentration of hydrogen ions always equals the concentration of hydroxide ions. True 9. In pure water, the concentration of hydrogen ions is 1 x 107 molar. False 10. Water dissociates into oppositely charged ions. True

Biology, the study of life, is a particularly exciting area of science because it is a point of convergence for information and tools from all of the natural sciences. Based on your knowledge of biology, indicate whether each of the following statements about living systems is true or false.

1. Cells are composed of chemicals and both the structure and function of cells are regulated by the basic principles of chemistry. True 2. Scientists have successfully sequenced the entire genome of humans but have not yet sequenced the entire genome of any other species. False 3. Living systems are the most complex chemical systems on earth. True 4. Living systems are governed by the same principles of chemistry and physics that govern non-living systems. True 5. Living organisms contain unique chemical elements which are not found in non-living systems. False 6. An input of energy is required to maintain the complexity of living systems. True 7. The energy conversions that take place in living systems are governed by the same laws of thermodynamics that govern non-living systems.

Match the following molecules with their function

1. DNA Contain genes that can be transcribed 2. mRNA Translated into proteins 3. ATP Provide energy for cell activities 4. NAD+ and FAD Transport electrons

Match the organelle with its function

1. Nucleus Contains instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins. 3. Golgi apparatus Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle. 4. Lysosomes Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis. 5. Vacuole Carries out a variety of functions including regulating water levels in plant cells. 6. Peroxisome Involved in the breakdown of fats and contains the enzyme catalase.

Indicate whether each of the following statements about polysaccharides is True or False.

1. Polysaccharides are long polymers made of many nucleotides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis. False 2. Cellulose is the main storage polysaccharide in plants while glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in many animals. False 3. Both starch and glycogen are composed of α-glucose subunits. True 4. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are unbranched and branched chains of α-glucose subunits, respectively. True 5. Like amylopectin, glycogen is insoluble in water, but it has a longer average chain length and fewer branches. False 6. Although some polysaccharides are used to store energy, others serve as structural material for cells. True 7. The principal structural polysaccharide in plants is starch. False 8. Cellulose is composed of a long, branched chain of β-glucose subunits. False 9. The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by most organisms cannot break the bond between two α -glucose subunits because they only recognize β linkages. False 10. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi. True

Indicate whether each of the following statements about nucleic acids is true or false.

1. The 2 types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are ribose and deoxyribose. False 2. The replication of DNA allows living organisms to pass on the code for making proteins from one generation to the next. True 3. DNA differs from RNA because it contains the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose, it has the base uracil instead of thymine, and it is double-stranded rather than single stranded. False 4. Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides. True 5. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. True 6. When 2 nucleotides join by a condensation reaction, the phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the nitrogenous base of the second nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond. False 7. A polynucleotide chain has a phosphate group at the 3´ end and a hydroxyl group at the 5´ end. False 8. During protein synthesis, the sequence of bases in RNA controls the sequence of bases in DNA which, in turn, controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. False 9. In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. True 10. DNA is used to store the information needed to make all proteins required by an organism and to pass that information on to the next generation. True 11. In order to make a protein, information stored in RNA must be transcribed into molecules of DNA which directs the synthesis of proteins. False

Indicate whether each of the following statements about atomic energy levels is true or false.

1. The atom shown in the diagram has 4 energy levels or shells. False 2. The atom shown in the diagram above has a total of 5 electron orbitals. True 3. Each energy level consists of 2 or more orbitals. False 4. The second energy level consists of 4 electron orbitals. True 5. Some orbitals near the nucleus are spherical (s orbitals), while others are dumbbell-shaped (p orbitals). Still others, farther away from the nucleus, have other shapes. True 6. Because electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, the closer an electron is to the nucleus, the more potential energy it has. False 7. Because the amount of energy an electron possesses is related to its distance from the nucleus, electrons that are the same distance from the nucleus have the same energy, even if they occupy different orbitals. Such electrons are said to occupy the same energy level. True 8. Energy levels, which are usually drawn as circles around the nucleus, indicate an electron's energy, while orbitals, which have a variety of three dimensional shapes, indicate an electron's most likely location. True 9. In living organisms, chemical energy is stored in high-energy electrons that are transferred from one atom to another in reactions involving oxidation and reduction. True 10. Each energy level can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. False

Indicate whether each of the following statements about the reactivity of elements is true or false.

1. The eight-element periodicity found in the Periodic Table is related to the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms that make up each element. True 2. Electrons in the first energy level of an atom are called valence electrons. False 3. For atoms important to life, if the first energy level is the outermost shell, it is stable with 2 electrons. If any other energy level is the outermost shell, it is stable with 8 electrons. True 4. Atoms tend to react in ways that give each atom a stable outer shell of electrons. True 5. Atoms with an outer shell that is almost empty are located on the right side of the Periodic Table while atoms with an outer shell that is full or almost full are located on the left side of the Periodic Table. False 6. Atoms in the same row of the Periodic Table tend to have the same number of valence electrons. False 7. Atoms with 7 valence electrons tend to be non-reactive. False

Match each description or example with the characteristic of life that it BEST illustrates.

1. The roots of a plant grow toward a source of water. Sensitivity 2. The body temperature of a dog is more stable than the temperature of its environment. Homeostasis 3. A cat is composed of organ systems, which are composed of organs, which are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. Ordered complexity 4. A bacterial cell divides to form two new cells. Reproduction 5. In order to carry out essential life functions such as growth, development, and movement, a duck must eat. Energy utilization 6. In 1980, scientists determined that 2% of the honey bees in Texas had a gene that makes them more aggressive. By 2005, the frequency of this gene in the Texas honeybee population had increased to 15%. Evolution

Match each description or example with the type of evidence it provides to support the idea that living organisms evolve.

1. The skeletons of mammals that existed 150 million years ago are different from the skeletons of mammals that exist today. Fossil record 2. The front limbs of humans, bats, birds, and whales all have a similar bone structure. Comparative anatomy 3. All vertebrates contain the protein hemoglobin, but the structure of the hemoglobin molecule varies from one species to the next. Molecular evidence

Indicate if the following statements about prokaryotes are true or false.

1. They contain a plasma membrane True 2. They contain internal organelles False 3. They have a cell wall True 4. They have ribosomes True

Carbohydrates are used in cells for structural purposes and as an energy source. What is the main type of carbohydrate contained in each of the following? 1. Potato as food 2. Fruit as food 3. Stored human energy 4. Human blood sugar.

1. starch 2. fructose 3. glycogen 4. glucose

A fragment of DNA was found to have 45 adenine bases and 25 guanine bases. What is the total number of deoxyribose molecules in the molecule

140

Comparing the pairs of elements listed below, choose the pair in which both atoms have nuclei with the same number of neutrons.

23 11Na and 24 12Mg

A DNA molecule with 24% guanine would have how much adenine?

26%

If a cube shaped cell is 3 units tall by 3 units wide and 3 units long, what is the volume of the cell?

27 units3

Below are a series of monomer-polymer pairings. Choose the pairings that correctly match the monomer constituents with the polymers they form. Select all that apply.

4 carbon rings : steroids monosaccharides : carbohydrates nucleotides : DNA fatty acids, glycerol : triglycerides

Match each property of water with its effect on living organisms.

A wide variety of substances can move freely and interact within cells.-High solubility of ions and polar molecules. The temperature of living organisms is relatively stable.-High specific heat Evaporation of water is often used to cool body surfaces.-High heat of vaporization Lakes freeze from the top down, allowing fish and other life to survive below the surface.-Ice is less dense than liquid water Non-polar molecules tend to aggregate or organize in ways that minimize their contact with water.-Hydrophobic exclusion

Complete the sentences using the words provided.

A(n) acid acts to increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. A(n) base acts to decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. A(n) buffer acts to maintain a relatively stable concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. As the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution decreases, the pH increases. As the pH of a solution increases, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. As the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution increases, the pH decreases

Complete the sentences using the words provided.

All carbohydrates are composed of one or more monosaccharides. A protein is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains called polypeptides which are coiled and folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape. A polypeptide is composed of monomers called amino acids. Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called nucleotides. Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Glucose, starch, and cellulose are all examples of carbohydrates. RNA and DNA are examples of nucleic acids. Fats, steroids, and terpenes are examples of lipids. Polymers are formed by linking monomers together through condensation reactions. Breaking the bonds between the subunits of a polymer involves hydrolysis reactions. During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule of water is broken down. During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water is formed.

he cell theory includes different tenets to explain the organization of life. What principles comprise the cell theory? Check all that apply.

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

Which of the listed structures are analogous structures, and which are homologous structures? Drag and drop the proper pairs into the correct category.

Analogous: wing of a bird, wing of a fly Homologous: Wing of a bird, finger of a human, hoof of a horse

For each characteristic, identify if it is present in bacteria, archaea, or both

Bacteria: Has a cell wall containing peptidoglycans Archaea: close relative to eukaryotes Both bacteria and archaea: has a plasma membrane, has a nucleoid, contains ribosomes

The pH for several solutions is given below. After filling in each blank with the correct number, arrange the solutions in order from most acidic to most alkaline.

Beer has a pH of 3, therefore its H+ concentration is 100 times greater than a solution with a pH of 5. 1 Black coffee has a pH of 5, therefore its H+ concentration is 100,000 times greater than a solution with a pH of 10. 2 Urine has a pH of 6, therefore its H+ concentration is 1,000 times greater than a solution with a pH of 9. 3 Household ammonia has a pH of 11, therefore its H+ concentration is 10,000 times less than a solution with a pH of 7. 4

Based on hierarchical organization - put these structures in order from smallest to largest.

Biceps brachii muscle4 Skeletal muscle cell 2 Myosin protein 1 Muscular system 5 Skeletal muscle tissue 3

Based on hierarchical organization, place the living systems in order from smallest to largest.

Blue wildebeests, Black wildebeests, crocodiles, acacia trees4 Blue wildebeests and Black wildebeests3 Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)1 Blue wildebeests2 Maasai Mara5

Complete the sentences below by making use of the periodic table

Bromine has 35 protons. Calcium has an atomic mass of 41. Potassium has 1 valence electron. Aluminum has an atomic mass of 28. What is the atomic mass for a carbon atom that has 7 neutrons in its nucleus? 13 Sodium has 11 protons. When electrons move away from the nucleus the energy increases

Given the electronegativity of each of the following atoms, rank the bonds from most polar (number 1) to least polar (number 5). O = 3.5, N = 3.0, C = 2.5, H = 2.1.

C-H 4 O-H 1 C-C 5 C-N 3 C-O 2

Water interacts with polar substances like -OH groups but not with non-polar substances like methyl (−CH3) or ethyl groups (−CH2). Using this information, select the molecules that will easily dissolve in water based on polarity not on size. Check all that apply

CH3OH, CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

What facts would you select to show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? Check all that apply.

Carbon has four valance electrons. Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules. Carbon can form bonds with four different atoms Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils

Match each description with the most appropriate atom of the choices given: chlorine, sodium, or carbon.

Chlorine: 7 Valence Electrons, most likely to gain an electron, high electronegativity, closest to the right side of the Periodic Table, Most likely to form an anion Sodium: 1 Valence Electron, most likely to lose an electron, lowest electronegativity, closest to the left side of the Periodic Table, Most likely to form an cation Carbon: 4 Valence electrons, most likely to share an electron, most likely to form covalent bond

Indicate whether each property of water is due to the cohesion of water molecules or the adhesion of water molecules.

Cohesion: high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, water is a liquid than a gas at room temperature Adhesion: Capillarity, Water readily dissolves other polar molecules, water readily dissolves table salt, paper towels readily absorb water

Match each structural element or cell with the correct type of cell movement.

Crawl- Actin, White blood cells, Myosin Swim- Flagella, Cilia, Flagellated bacteria

Place these statements into the proper categories.

Dehydration Synthesis:A molecule of glycogen is formed by linking glucose molecules through this process, This process removes water in link two or more amino acids, Monomers are linked together through this process Denaturation: The changes to the color and consistency of an egg during cooking is an example of this process, Using amino acids to cook raw fish is an example of this process, This process does not involve breaking peptide bonds, but it does involve unfolding protein structure. Hydrolysis: Breaking DNA into nucleotide involves this process, The addition of water to break proteins into amino acids is an example of this process, The separation of polymers into smaller units makes use of this process.

Please match the examples provided with the appropriate cell-to-cell connection.

Desmosome- Destruction of intermediate filaments by cancers of epithelial tissues would affect which connection, Adds strength in epithelial tissue of the top layer of the skin and allows flexibility when stretching. Plasmodesmata-Penetrates the cell wall to allow a pathway for movement, allows flow of ions between two plant cells Gap- Allows immediate communication between cells such as two neurons, Allows types of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle to contract in unison Tight- Resists the movement of material into and out of capillaries in the brain. The endothelial cells are held together by:, Seals epithelial cells to each other right beneath their surface on the top layer of the skin.

Complete the sentences using the words provided.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers because they all have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), but their atoms are arranged differently. Isomers, such as glucose and fructose, that have identical chemical groups bonded to different carbon atoms are called structural isomers. Isomers, such as glucose and galactose, that have identical chemical groups bonded to the same carbon atoms but in different orientations are called stereoisomers. Some stereoisomers are actual mirror images of each other; these are called enantiomers. Enantiomers are classified based on their ability to rotate polarized light. The form that rotates it to the right is designated "D" and the form that rotates it to the left is designated "L".

The structure of chlorophyll is shown below. Based on this structure, where would you predict that it would be found in a cell

In a membrane because it has a hydrophobic tail and a polar head.

Complete the sentences using the words provided.

In a phospholipid molecule, a phosphate group usually binds to a charged organic molecule, such as choline or the amino acid serine. In a phospholipid molecule, glycerol binds to two fatty acids. In a phospholipid molecule, the "head" is hydrophilic. In a phospholipid molecule, the fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic. When phospholipid molecules are mixed with water, they can spontaneously organize into a bilayer with the "tails" located in the center of the bilayer. When phospholipid molecules are mixed with water, they can spontaneously organize into a bilayer with the "heads" located on the surface of the bilayer. Lipid bilayers form the basic framework of biological membranes.

Identify the type of reasoning involved in each example.

Inductive Reasoning: Your roommate takes a daily multivitamin and has had no colds during the past 2 years. You never take multivitamins and have had 3 colds in the past 2 years. Therefore you hypothesis that taking a multivitamin reduces the chance of getting a cold. You dissect 10 frogs and observe that one each one has 1 heart and 2 kidneys. Therefore your hypothesis that all frogs have 1 heart and 2 kidneys. Deductive Reasoning: All mammals, by definition, have hair. Since your pet snake doesn't have hair you conclude she is not a mammal. Overwhelming evidence indicates that smoking increases the risk of getting lung cancer. Therefore you can conclude that if you smoke your chance of getting lung cancer will increase.

Drag each label to the correct location on the diagram.

It's a picture so the whole thing is an Organic Molecule the red one is an Oxygen atom the white one is and the Hydrogen atom and the dash marks are the Hydrogen Bond

Match each function with the correct cytoskeletal structure.

Microtubules: Used to move vesicles within cells, Made of dimers of alpha- and beta- tubulin Actin:Used in cell crawling and cell contraction, also called microfilaments Intermediate Filaments: A strong structural protein within cells, No polymerization once formed, Prevents excessive stretching of cells.

Match each description with the correct organelle.

Mitochondria: Metabolize molecules to generate ATP, Site of oxidative metabolism Chloroplasts: Use light to synthesize glucose, Site of photosynthesis Both organelles: Bounded by two membranes, Contains DNA, Arose by endosymbiosis

Match each molecule with the group of carbohydrates it belongs to.

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose, glyceraldehyde Disaccharides: Sucrose, maltose, lactose Storage polysaccharides: Starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen Structural polysaccharides: Cellulose, chitin

Given the atomic numbers of the following atoms, order the atoms by the number of covalent bonds they could form, from least to most. O = 8, N = 7, C = 6, H = 1.

N3 O2 C4 H1

All cells exhibit basic structural similarities. The general plan of cellular organization varies between different organisms, but despite these modifications, all cells resemble one another in certain fundamental ways. Match each description with a feature.

Nucleus: Contains eukaryotic DNA Nucleoid: Contains prokaryotic DNA Plasma Membrane: Seperates contents of call from surrondings, Made up of phospholipid bilayer Cytoplasm: Semifluid matrix, contains sugars, salts, and amino acids

Match each element with its prevalence in living organisms.

One of the 4 most common elements in living organisms: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Presents in trace amounts only: Zinc, Iodine Not one of the most common elements in living organisms, but presents in greater than trace amounts: Sodium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Magnesium, Iron

Match each cellular component with the correct cell type: prokaryote, eukaryote, or both.

Prokaryote: Has a nucleoid Eukaryote: Has a nucleus, has organelles Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Has a cell membrane, contains ribosomes, has a cytoplasm

Match each description with the most appropriate type of bond.

Single Covalent Bond: This type of bond holds a molecule of hydrogen together, Involves 2 atoms sharing 2 electrons, Two chlorine atoms are held together by this bond. Ionic Bond: Formed by an attraction between atoms with opposite changes, Bond that holds NaCl together, Involves a transfer of one or more electron from one atom to another, Leads to the formation of a crystal lattice rather than distinct molecules, Weakest type of bond shown. Double Covalent Bond: The type of bond that holds a molecule of oxygen together, Involves 2 atoms sharing 4 electrons, The strongest type of bond shown, Carbon dioxide is held together by this type of bond.

Which of the following BEST describes the theory of natural selection?

Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation.

Complete the sentences using the words provided

The atomic number of carbon-13 is six. The atomic mass of carbon-13 is thirteen. If different atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons they are called isotopes. Substances composed of atoms that all have the same number of protons are called elements. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons and are no longer electrically neutral are called ions. The nucleus of an atom always contains one or more protons. The orbitals of an atom contain negatively charged particles called electrons

According to endosymbiosis theory, what is the most likely explanation for the origin of the two mitochondrial membranes?

The inner membrane was derived from folding of the prokaryotic plasma membrane, and the outer from folding in of the eukaryotic plasma membrane.

Complete the sentences with the words provided. Then arrange the sentences so the levels of organization go from smallest to largest

The level of organization that is more complex than an atom but less complex than an organelle is a(n) molecule. 1 Molecules may be assembled into a microscopic structure called a(n) organelle which carries out specific functions within a cell. 2 The simplest level of organization that can carry out all of the functions of life is a(n) cell. 3 A tissue is a group of similar cells that act as a functional unit. 4 Your brain is an example of a(n) organ. 5 A group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same place is called a(n) population. 6 A biological community together with its physical habitat constitutes a(n) ecosystem. 7

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts most likely arise?

They arose from bacteria that were engulfed and not digested.

Complete the sentences using the words provided.

This diagram illustrates a dehydration reaction. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Sucrose is a disaccharide. The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in plants is sucrose. The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in humans is glucose. The glucose molecule in this diagram is shown in the ring form. Fructose has six carbon atoms.

Water boils at a higher temperature than a non-polar solvent like ether because...

a large amount of energy is required to break the many hydrogen bonds that restrict the movement of individual water molecules.

One way to clone an organism is to transfer the nucleus of a cell taken from animal A, place it into an egg from animal B whose nucleus has been removed, and then implant it into a surrogate mother, animal C. The cloned animal would be identical to:

animal A because the nucleus contains DNA.

Living organisms and non-living systems have numerous characteristics in common, but only organisms -

are composed of cells

Based on the hierarchical organization, order these terms from smallest to largest.

mitochondria 4 water 2 carbon 1 DNA 3 skin cell 5

Gout is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. It results from the metabolic breakdown of purines, which are found in many foods and are part of normal human tissue. Traditionally, doctors have recommended that people with gout avoid or limit consuming foods that are high in purines. Based on this information, which macromolecule that is naturally found in the human body would be most problematic for these patients?

nucleic acids

Based on cell size, which cells can be seen with the light microscope? Check all that apply.

paramecium bacterium red blood cell eukaryotic nucleus

What levels of protein structure would be affected if all hydrogen bonding interactions were prevented? Check all that apply.

secondary tertiary Quaternary

Certain organisms, such as slime molds, can form large plasmodia that contain multiple nuclei without membranes separating the nuclei and cytoplasm into distinct cells. Other organisms, like certain flatworms, have tissues that are syncytial, containing multiple nuclei enclosed within one plasma membrane. These organisms can reproduce, interact with their environments, consume nutrients, and produce wastes. Based on the tenet of the cell theory that, "all organisms are composed of at least one cell," then:

slime molds and flatworms support that theory because they are made up of cells, even though some are multinucleate.

Fats are excellent energy storage molecules because:

they have a relatively high ratio of energy storing C—H bonds.