Biology Final

Which of the following best describes a pleiotropic gene?

A single gene that controls multiple traits.

A given population has a q² value of 49%. What will the p value be for this population?

0.30

Fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in it's environment.

Analogous Structure

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure.

A population of 100 rabbits is living in a grassland. A disease is introduced that only 10 of the rabbits are immune to and survive. What type of change in genes has occurred?

Bottleneck effect

Using the table below, which type of isolation is most likely keeping the Green frog and Wood frog reproductively isolated.

Temporal Isolation

What situation might develop in a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day?

Temporal isolation

Using the table below, which organisms are most closely related? Support your answer.

Cow and Grizzly bear because they have the same phylum and class along with a blue whale and horse.

Which of the following represent DNA nucleotides? select all that apply

adenine and cytosine

In squirrels, the black fur allele shows complete dominance over the gray fur allele. Using a punnett square as reference, what percentage of the squirrel population would you expect to have gray fur?

25%

What percentage of a population of flowers would you expect to have white flowers given the table below:

25%

Erwin Chargaff investigated the nucleotide composition of DNA. He analyzed DNA from various organisms and measured the relative amounts of A, G, C, and T present in the DNA of each organism. The table below contains a selected incomplete data set of his results. Based on the results listed below, what is the best approximation for the relative abundance of C in E. coli DNA?

26.0%

At which numbered cross would be the most recent common ancestor between a fern and an angiosperm be located?

3

What is the probability of getting a homozygous genotype on the punnett square below?

50%

A gray wolf's sperm cell contains 39 chromosomes. If he were to mate with a female gray wolf, how many chromosomes will there be in the resulting zygote?

78

The following chart shows the distribution of blood types as they appear in the United States. Blood type is determined by 2 genes, one for the 'letter' and the other is determined by whether or not the antigen 'Rh factor' is present. If the factor IS present we get a "+" on our blood type. Roughly what percentage of the U.S. population has this antigen?

85%

Which of the following best describes a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids.

Bottleneck Effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population.

Allele combinations for some plant traits are listed below. Which of the following describes an organism that MUST have homozygous alleles?

A flower with white petals.

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A gene is the location on a chromosome that determines a trait. An allele is a specific form of that gene (red, blue, white)

Which of the following statements is true about the image below?

A larger head is more "fit" for this animal

Which organism is most closely related to Reptiles from the cladogram below; Primates OR amphibians? Explain your answer.

A reptile is more closely related to primates because it is closer together with birds and such in the cladogram.Reptiles are most closely related to Primates. They have the most recent common ancestor with one another (with the node introducing amniotic eggs).

Which of the following best describes the sequence shown below?

A strand of RNA.

Which of the following best describes a polygenic trait?

A trait that is controlled by multiple genes.

Which of the following diagrams best represents the process of DNA replication?

B - during the second replication in the image, 2 DNAs are mixed with blue and yellow while the other two are just yellow.

What is the scientific name of a blue whale using the table below?

Balaenoptera musculus

Peeper frogs and Leopard frogs don't reproduce even when they are in the same habitat. Use the diagram below to identify how they are being kept reproductively isolated.

Behavioral Isolation

Which of the following m-RNA codons would code for the amino acid Proline (PRO)? select all that apply.

CCC and CCG

Founder Effect

Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population.

Evolution

Change over time.

What type of dominance is exhibited by the flower color trait below?

Co-dominance

The image below shows an increase in average beak size for a population of birds. When individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is __________________.

Directional Selection

The image below shows smaller and larger beaks in a population of finches. One group of birds has a short beak, and the other group has a long narrow beak. What has occurred in this population?

Disruptive selection

Which of the following statements about the homologous structures below is the MOST correct?

Each animal above has a similar bone structure, that has changed over time for that animal

The following chart shows the collected class data for Free ( F ) and Attached ( A ) earlobes. If you have the genotype "FA" what will your phenotype be? Use the data provided to support your answer.

FA or FF would create free earlobes, because the table shows that free earlobes are dominant.

10,000 ants are living in a small colony, a group of 100 get lost one day and start a new colony miles away. What type of change in genes has occurred?

Founder Effect

Which of the following graphs might show a population of birds with members that specialize in 2 different types of foods?

Graph C, the dash line is one big hump while the solid line has two big humps.

Which of the following events do biologists consider a random change?

Genetic Drift

The following two factor cross shows the cross between human blood types. A and B are both Co-dominant over the recessive O type blood, and + is dominant over the recessive -. For the highlighted cell, what will the GENOTYPE and PHENOTYPE be?

Genotype AO+- Phenotype A+

Use the information below to correctly place Ginkgo, Liverworts, and Horestails on the cladogram provided.

Ginkgo: C Horsetails: B Liverworts: A

Why might Gregor Mendel have studied the phenotypes of pea plants instead of the genotypes?

Gregor Mendel studied the phenotypes of pea plants because it was easier to look at the growth of pea plants each and every day rather than figuring the genotypes ; Phenotypes are visible, and are able to be easily tracked.Genotypes can sometimes remain hidden, and Mendel didn't have the technology to examine the DNA or genotypes of organisms.

Observe the chromosomes below to determine the zygosity of both traits listed below:

Hair Length - Homozygous Hair Curliness - Heterozygous Coat Pattern - Heterozygous Hair Texture - Heterozygous

Which of the following best describes the dominance of traits exhibited in the flowers below:

Having red flower petals is dominant over white flower petals.

Why are the insertion and deletion mutations often more damaging than a substitution gene mutation?

Insertion and Deletion can have a frameshift in the mutation. Insertion and deletion mutations cause a frameshift, which alters much of the resulting protein.Substitution may only effect a single amino acid /codon.

What type of chromosomal mutation is depicted in the image below?

Inversion

The chart below shows the relative change in amount of daylight compared to the time of year, at a latitude of 51 degrees in the northern hemisphere. Using this chart, which of the following months would you expect to have the MOST daylight?

June

Using the translation table below, which of the following sequences of amino acids would be created from the following DNA strand? TAC GTA ATC

MET HIS STOP

Using the translation table below, which of the following sequences of amino acids would be created from the following m-RNA strand? UUA UCU AUG ACU CAA UAA UGU UGA.

MET THR GLN STOP

Use the dichotomous key below to classify the leaf to the left.

Magnolia

Blood types A and B are Co-dominant. O is recessive. Rh factor is determined by a different gene. The allele for positive Rh factor is dominant over the allele for a negative Rh factor. Based on this information, could a person with O+ blood have two parents with O- blood? Support your answer.

No. They have no positives to give.

What genotype will be found in the highlighted section of the punnett square?

Pw

Natural Selection

Process in which individuals that have beneficial traits survive longer and reproduce more.

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.

Punnett square

Which of the following statements about RNA and DNA is FALSE?

RNA and DNA have the same number of strands.

Formation of a new species.

Speciation

Explain what speciation means using the examples below.

Speciation created all of these different types of finches. Having the similar ancestor and the sprouting out and having different species of the same bird.

Species Y and Z have very different proteins and genes. What is most likely true about these two species?

Species Y evolved for a long time separately from Species Z.

Homologous Structure

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

The image below depicts 3 of the turtles found on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the three turtles would most likely live on an island where food is difficult to reach? Support your answer.

The Hood island turtle is the most likely to live on an island with food that is hard to reach.We know this because of the turtles long neck. It would only develop a long neck like this if it provided the animal an advantage and made it more fit.In this case, the turtle is now more fit because it can reach the food that will be out of reach for other turtles.

A population of rabbits has a variety of fur colors, ranging from white to brown to gray. The rabbits migrate to an area that is snowy year round, where white fur has an advantage. Describe what will happen to EACH of the rabbit phenotypes pictured below AND what will happen to the population as a whole over time?

The brown and gray rabbits will begin to die, and the white rabbits will live longer.Over time, the white rabbit phenotype will become more common in the population of rabbits.

Examine the taxonomy of the rat, rabbit, and squirrel below. Which of the two are the most closely related, and how do you know?

The rat and the squirrel because they have similar sections in the taxonomy, more similar sections that the rabbit. The rat and the squirrel are the most closely related.They share the same taxa up to the order (Rodentia), where the rabbit is in a different order (Lagomorpha).

If a mutation causes a trait that is HELPFUL to an organism, what will happen?

The trait will become MORE common over time

If two organisms are able to produce offspring, and those offspring are able to reproduce, what do we know about the organisms?

They are the same species.

Match the terms to the correct definitions.

Trait - A specific characteristic of an individual Genotype - An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. Zygote - A fertilized egg Phenotype - An organism's physical appearance.

The process of creating a template of a segment of DNA using RNA is called _____________.

Transcription

The process of reading messages from RNA three nucleotides at a time to create a chain of amino acids is called _____________.

Translation.

Which of the following sequences would represent the complementary RNA strand for the given sequence? (the sequence in question: ATGCATCGA)

UAC GUA GCU

What is the genus of the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)?

Varanus

Which of the following statements is most correct?

When RNA segments are copied from DNA, introns are removed from the remaining exon segments.

Which traits would you expect Gymnosperms to have based on the cladogram below? Select all that apply.

embryo information, true water- conducting tissue, seeds

Describe the role of each of the three types of RNA.

m-RNA contains the instructions to build proteins. t-RNA brings the correct amino acid to build the polypeptide chain. r-RNA is the site for protein production, and holds the m-RNA and t-RNA in place as they work.

A population of squirrels has two allele options for their fur color, gray and black. The gray fur allele is dominant over the recessive black fur allele. Which of the following variables would represent the number of squirrels in this population that have black fur?

q²

Which of the following are examples of RNA? Select all that apply

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

Correctly sequence the following steps of DNA Replication:

step 1: Helicase "unzips" the genes in DNA. step 2: RNA Primase adds a few complementary nucleotides to the DNA strands. step 3: DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands. step 4: DNA Ligase "seals" the DNA by bonding the nucleotides together.

Correctly sequence the following steps of Transcription:

step 1: Information is copied from DNA starting at the TATA box. step 2: A strand of mRNA is created using RNA polymerase that matches the template DNA. step 3: A protective cap and poly-A tail are added to the mRNA strand. step 4: Unnecessary RNA segments are removed from the sequence.

Which of the following could potentially represent a sequence of DNA?

the molecular biology of their genes.

In humans, the pelvis and femur (thigh bone) are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown below are ____________.

vestigial structures