Biology Final

Chromosomal aberrations:

are changes to the overall organization of genes on a chromosome.

Electrons:

are involved in the formation of bonds between different atoms.

From an evolutionary perspective, the most basic division among all organisms on earth is among:

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Which of the following characteristics defines a chordate?

bilateral symmetry, defined tissues, and gut develops from back to front

Which of the following characteristics define an arthropod?

bilateral symmetry, gut develops from front to back, and grows by molting

Drugs called beta-blockers do all of the following except:

binding to the cytoplasmic (intracellular) side of a receptor protein.

Identify the solution that is likely to have the lowest concentration of H+.

bleach

A substance whose name includes the suffix -ose is a(n):

carbohydrate.

Selfishness should be seen more often between unrelated individuals unless: (1) there are repeated opportunities to be a donor or recipient, (2) the cost to be a donor is relatively low, and (3):

cheaters are recognizable and punished for cheating.

In 1954, William Thompson performed a maze-running experiment using rats in which he was able to produce populations of fast maze-learners and slow maze-learners. The results of this experiment indicate that:

complex traits, such as behavior, are heritable.

Like carbon, silicon has 4 electrons in its outermost electron shell. Given that information, what type of bond is it most likely to form with other atoms?

covalent

What group of animals does recent DNA evidence suggest may have been the first group to diverge from the rest of the animals?

ctenophores

What is Maurice Wilkins responsible for

decoding the individual base pairs of DNA.

Species diversity:

decreases as you move away from the equator in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

The _________ variable is typically represented by the y-axis on a graph.

dependent

Which of these is not one of the methods used by angiosperms to increase the chances of outbreeding?

double fertilization

How long ago did eukaryotic cells evolve?

2 billion years ago

When fermentation occurs in grapes left on the vine, the final product is the ethanol used to make wine. When fermentation occurs in our muscles, the final product is:

2 lactic acid molecules.

How many sets of chromosomes are present in the endosperm of a fertilized ovule?

3

If a DNA molecule consists of 20% adenine, what percent is cytosine?

30%

Terrestrial vertebrates are descendants of lobe-finned fishes that lived during the Devonian period, approximately:

400 million years ago.

The human genome comprises:

46 chromosomes.

When did the first land plants appear?

472 million years ago

In the chemical formula 3H2O, how many atoms are there of each element?

6 hydrogen and 3 oxygen

Which of the following is true about prokaryotic reproduction?

A single circular DNA helix is replicated into two identical circular DNA helices.

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

ADP contains only two phosphates (adenosine diphosphate), whereas ATP contains three.

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

ATP is produced in two steps of glycolysis when the sugar bonds break and release energy, and a phosphate group quickly attaches to ADP.

You want to increase the rate at which the enzyme lactase breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. Which of the following would likely decrease lactase's activity?

Add a molecule that fits into the lactase's active site.

Identify the false statement.

An atom's nucleus is made up of an equal number of positive and negative particles.

What is the key difference between an enveloped and non-enveloped virus?

An enveloped virus wraps itself in a bit of the plasma membrane of the host cell upon release, whereas a non-enveloped virus is enclosed only by the protein container.

Which statement about Plasmodium is true?

Because it changes its surface proteins frequently, it is largely invisible to the immune system.

Which of the following statements best describes a benefit of biofuels over fossil fuels?

Biofuels can be relatively easily and quickly renewed, whereas the world's supply of fossil fuels is limited.

Artificial selection and natural selection are similar in what way?

Both artificial selection and natural selection result in a change in allele frequencies over time.

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all life on earth? A) Organisms acquire, use, and transform energy to perform work. B) All living organisms exhibit growth, development, and the ability to pass genetic information to live offspring. C) Populations of living organisms are static and do not change with the passage of time. D) Living things have the ability to regulate and maintain constant internal conditions. E) Life is characterized by complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells.

C

Which of the following statements about statistics is most accurate? A) Statistics cannot help identify relationships; only visual displays can. B) Statistics allow conclusions to be drawn when a sample set is low. C) Statistics can quantify and summarize large amounts of information, making it possible to draw more accurate conclusions. D) Statistics refers to the data represented on a visual display. E) According to statistics, if the number of firefighters increases according to the severity of a fire, then the firefighters must be causing the severe fires.

C)

If the base sequence of one strand in a DNA molecule is GACACATAGCAC, then the base sequence of the other strand must be:

CTGTGTATCGTG.

If you were to propose one additional step in the scientific method beyond the common last step of "conclusion," which of the following choices is a reasonable selection?

Create a further question, based on your new conclusion that can lead to further experiments in the future.

Which of the following questions underlies scientific thinking? A) "Is science relevant to me?" B) "How can I manipulate evidence to my advantage?" C) "What do the experts say?" D) "How do I know that is true?" E) "Can I trust scientific theories?"

D)

Which of the following statements is false? A) Work is anything that involves moving matter against an opposing force. B) Potential energy is stored energy; therefore, chemical energy is a type of potential energy. C) Chemical energy refers to the storage of energy in chemical bonds. D) An apple does not have potential energy because it cannot move on its own. E) Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work.

D)

The central dogma of molecular biology states that:

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein.

Which of the following statements about polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is false?

DNA polymerase is needed to separate the DNA strands at the beginning of each cycle.

Before experimental drugs can be brought to market, they must undergo many rigorous trials to ensure they deliver their medical benefits effectively and safely. One method commonly used in this process is to compare the effect of a drug with that of a placebo in double-blind tests. Which of the following correctly describes a double-blind test? A) The researchers know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo, but do not know what the supposed effects of the drug should be. B) The researchers do not know who receives the drug or the placebo, but the participants know and tell them later. C) The researchers apply two-layered blindfolds to the study participants, so they cannot see whether they are receiving the drug or a placebo. D) The researchers and the control group participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo, but those in the experimental group do not. E) Neither the researchers nor the study participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo.

E)

Chlorophyll gains energy from the sun by what mechanism?

Electrons within chlorophyll molecules become excited and gain energy as photons are absorbed.

In mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females, whereas females mate with only one or a few males. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

females have higher parental investment.

Three major distinguishing features of the primates are that they have binocular vision, arms that can rotate in their sockets, and:

fingers that can grasp objects.

Which of the following best explains the age-old idea that a male should court and/or compete for a female?

For males to be most successful, in terms of reproduction, they need to find and gain access to mating opportunities with additional females

Which of the following descriptions best represents the impact of the second law of thermodynamics on the amount of energy available to do work following energy conversion?

Heat energy resulting from energy conversion cannot be easily utilized to do work in living systems.

Which of the following does not occur during prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move toward the poles.

How has recombinant DNA technology improved treatment of dwarfism?

Human growth hormone (HGH) can now be produced using transgenic bacteria.

Limestone acts as a buffer in many aquatic systems. Which of the following explains how limestone acts as a buffer?

Limestone can absorb hydrogen ions.

______________ are large molecules, made from smaller building blocks.

Macromolecules

Which of the following explanations best supports the idea that males are more sexually willing than females?

Males are only more sexually willing than females in situations where the female has greater energetic investment in reproduction.

Which of the following is a way that human female and male gametes differ?

Meiosis in females results in one large egg cell and several smaller polar bodies, whereas meiosis in males results in four evenly sized sperm cells.

Which statement about microbes is false?

Microbes cannot survive in boiling water.

Which of the following characteristics supports the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have small, circular pieces of DNA.

Telomeres have been directly linked to aging in humans. If scientists were able to develop treatments that could reverse the shortening of telomeres, would they be able to reverse the aging of humans?

No, cells that have lost normal telomere function are cancerous.

A new shampoo claims to significantly increase hair growth. To test this, researchers conduct an experiment in which subject A uses the shampoo once a day for 30 days but subject B does not. After 30 days, subject A has had significant hair growth compared to subject B. Should the results of this experiment be used to support the product claims?

No. The experiment does not include enough subjects in each group.

Why should you be skeptical when you hear claims about biotechnology "breakthroughs" in the media?

Often what is reported as a breakthrough is only an early research finding.

Which of the following statements about protists is correct?

Protists were the first group of organisms in which a nucleus was present.

RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of:

RNA from DNA.

Transcription is a synonym for:

RNA synthesis.

Select from the choices below the correct sequence of steps in the Calvin cycle.

fixation of carbon dioxide, creation of the sugar G3P, and regeneration of the organic molecule used in fixation

Which of the following describes the relationship between systematics and phylogeny?

Systematics examines the relatedness, or phylogeny, of all species.

During photosynthesis, which step is most responsible for a plant's formation of new organic material?

The "plucking" of carbon molecules from the air and fixing of them to organic molecules within the chloroplast

As mammals evolved, there was a gradual transition from bodies with short legs to bodies with longer legs, held vertically beneath the trunk of the animal. Which of the following was a result of this anatomical change in early mammals?

The animals could run faster after prey.

Which of the following is false regarding the history of organism classification?

The current system division is based on two groups—prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Which statement describes the most likely purpose of the waggle dance performed by honeybees?

The dance communicates the location of food sources to members of the hive.

Which of the following statements is true about a plasma membrane?

The molecules that make up the membrane are phospholipids.

The noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties. A unique feature of this group of elements is that they are known to be very inert, or unreactive, with other chemicals. What would be the best explanation for the low reactivity of these elements?

The noble gases are stable because their outermost (valence) shell of electrons is full.

What is the key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

The protostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops back to front, and the second opening becomes the mouth.

Animal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules?

They contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together.

How do chemolithotrophs acquire energy?

They use inorganic molecules for energy.

Given the information that type O is the universal donor blood type and type AB is the universal recipient, which of the following is false?

Type AB can donate to types A, B, and AB and can receive from types A, B, AB, and O.

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

Variability among offspring enables parents to produce a range of offspring, any one of which may be suitable to changes in the environment.

What properties would cause water to form a bead on a leaf?

Water molecules are polar and cohesive.

What is a positive correlation?

When one variable increases, so does the other.

Which individuals did researchers select to breed in the fruit fly population experiment?

Which individuals did researchers select to breed in the fruit fly population experiment?

Which statement about viruses is true?

Which statement about viruses is true?

The hydrophilic head of the cell membrane is composed of:

a glycerol linked to a phosphorus-containing molecule.

Which of the following anatomical characteristics of humans can be traced back to our arboreal origins?

forward-directed eyes

In which of the following animals does the mouth develop before the anus during gut development

fruit flies

Hermaphrodites are organisms such as earthworms and garden snails that produce both male and female sex cells, or _________.

gametes

A new animal is discovered with a prominent muscular foot that attaches to underwater rocks. The animal also has a one-piece shell. To which of the following animal groups does this new animal belong?

gastropods

Salmon that contain a growth hormone gene from Chinook salmon as well as featherless chickens produced by selective breeding are both examples of:

genetically engineered organisms.

The gray wolf is more closely related to the ________________ than it is to the Tasmanian wolf.

giant anteater

Which of the following would not be classified as an arthropod?

giant clam

Which metabolic process results in the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

glycolysis

Which plant group was prevalent during the Mesozoic era?

gymnosperms

CAM plants close stomata when temperatures are _______ and humidity is ________.

high; low

Albinism (lack of skin and hair pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A woman and man, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child?

homozygous recessive

A signal that cannot be faked and carries the most accurate information about a situation or individual is known as an ______ signal.

honest

Type I survivorship curves are seen in both ________________ populations.

human and tortoise

Water molecules are cohesive, meaning that they stick together. Why does this happen?

hydrogen bonds form between the oxygens and hydrogens of different water molecules

If a cell is put into a solution with a higher concentration of solute than is present inside the cell, the solution is ____________. The cell will __________. If a cell is put into a solution with a lower concentration of solute than is present inside the cell, the solution is _____________. The cell will _________.

hypertonic; shrink; hypotonic; swell

A speciation event is:

a point in evolutionary history where a population splits into independent evolutionary lineages.

Which of the following hemoglobin genotypes would be most beneficial to a person living in a region where malaria is prevalent?

a single copy of the HbS allele

You discover that chemical A must be added to a solution in order for a substrate to be broken down in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Further investigation shows that chemical A and the substrate do not bind to the same site on the enzyme. What type of substance is chemical A?

activator

The phenomenon whereby a small number of species diversify into a much larger number of species, able to live in a wide diversity of habitats is known as:

adaptive radiation.

Charles Darwin spent time on the Beagle:

after graduating from college, while serving as the companion to the captain on the surveying ship.

Fetal cells can be collected by which of the following methods?

amniocentesis

The most primitive group of animals that had lungs were the:

amphibians.

You notice that over the past month, many students have started carrying a new style of backpack. You think to yourself, "Maybe the bookstore recently started selling this new style of backpack." The statement in quotation marks is:

an example of a hypothesis.

conclusions based on a few limited observations that do not necessarily represent the whole.

anecdotal observation.

The pollen-producing structure in an angiosperm flower is called the:

anther.

Proliferation of the smooth ER is likely in an individual who:

is addicted to prescription painkillers.

Scientific literacy:

is increasingly important in our everyday lives.

You observe two atoms of the same element. They have the same atomic number and the same electrical charge but a different atomic mass. At least one of these atoms is a(n) __________.

isotope

Which of the following is not necessary for the evolution of a trait by natural selection?

large population size

Which phenomenon accounts for the fact that most people with red hair have freckles?

linked genes

An air environment, gravity, and desiccation are three challenges that were addressed in the evolution of reptiles. What three evolutionary innovations addressed these challenges?

lungs, better limb support, and the amniotic egg

Which of the following would not reduce parental uncertainty?

males challenging each other to duels

To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

measurable.

Most of the antibiotics we use today are derived from what source?

microbes

In scientific thinking, which of the following are not subject to revision?

observations

Which of the following is not a common tactic practiced by most animal females?

offering males a nuptial gift

Which characteristic is unique to lobe-finned fish?

pelvic and pectoral fins

For which of the following are transgenes most commercially utilized in the United States?

pest- and herbicide-resistant corn, cotton, and soybean crops

The taxonomic rank that includes classes but not domains is:

phylum.

Which is of the following is not an example of a group of angiosperms?

pine trees

Marsupials are thought to be most closely related to:

placental mammals.

A prothallus:

produces the haploid gametes of a fern.

The spindle begins to assemble at which phase of the mitotic cell cycle?

prophase

A set of flash cards, designed to be used 15 minutes a day with infants, claims that it will enrich their minds and turn them into geniuses. This form of marketing is an example of:

pseudoscience.

scientific-sounding claim not supported by the use of scientific studies.

pseudoscience.

In reciprocal altruism, individuals generally give up something of _____________________ in exchange for something of _____________________.

relatively low value; great value at a later time

What specific feature of HIV facilitates the transition from HIV infection to AIDS at the molecular level?

reverse transcriptase

Generally, what is the next step after the completion of a critical experiment?

review of the hypothesis in light of the data gathered

Which of the following is an animal with rigid bones, jaws, and a swim bladder?

salmon

Single-celled organisms, such as paramecia, are able to sense a food source and move toward it. Which key characteristic of all living organisms does this example illustrate?

sensitivity and responsiveness to the external environment

Which of these animals is not an arachnid?

shrimp

Which animal is an ectotherm?

snake

All groups of animals have nervous systems except:

sponges.

Which of the following organisms is not a chordate?

starfish

The application of scientific research in fields such as manufacturing and medicine to solve problems is called _____________.

technology

During DNA replication, each strand serves as a _____________ for the new ________________ strand.

template; complementary

Which of the examples below is not a potential application of cloning?

testing embryos for the presence of genes for certain diseases

According to Mendel's law of independent assortment:

the alleles coding for one trait do not usually influence the inheritance pattern for another trait.

All northern elephant seals come from a very small genetic pool. This is because in the 1890s a large number of them were very quickly killed until their population size was reduced to only about 20 individuals. Though their population has since increased to over 30,000 individuals, all their genes have come from those 20 individuals. Which of the following population genetic concepts does this example represent?

the bottleneck effect

occurs when a large part of a population dies and the survivors establish a new population.

the bottleneck effect

Two important unifying themes in biology are that (1) life is organized on many levels, and that (2):

the genetic characteristics of individuals in a population change over time.

Which of the following best explains moderate coastal climates?

the high specific heat of water

Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

the mitochondrial matrix

The greater the number of repeated scientific studies with the same results,

the more likely the results are significant, and not due to random chance.

Diversity of life on earth is included in which central and unifying theme of biology?

the power of evolution

All of the following are methods microbiologists use to identify bacteria EXCEPT:

the size and location of the nucleus.

Inclusive fitness is:

the sum of an individual's indirect and direct fitness.

If DNA replication occurs by unwinding and rebuilding, then:

the two resulting DNA molecules each contain one original strand and one new strand.

Unlike humans, termites are able to extract energy from wood because:

they have some microorganisms living in their gut that are able to break down cellulose.

What is the purpose of replicating an experiment that has been already been performed?

to reduce bias and increase confidence in results in the experiment

Of the following methods of DNA exchange between bacteria, which is mediated by virus particles?

transduction

A condition that is applied to research subjects in a study but not to subjects in the control group is called a ___________.

treatment

Mass extinctions are periods during which a large number of species on earth become extinct over a short period of time. Which of the following typically follows mass extinctions?

unusually rapid adaptive radiation and diversification of species

Which of the following is not a characteristic of tunicates?

vertebrae

The ivory-billed woodpecker was rediscovered in 2005 in a swamp in Arkansas after being considered extinct for over 20 years. An important lesson to derive from this episode is that

we should continue to conserve the habitat of a species, even if there is a high probability that the species is extinct.

Behaviors and other traits that are not evolutionarily adaptive can occur:

when the environment changes more quickly than the populations can evolve.