Biology Final exam #2 test

what is an anti-diuretic hormone?

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that promotes water retention

What is oxytocin?

A hormone that among other things is produced when people feel in love A hormone that among other things stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy and causes mammary glands to eject milk. c. and d.

What role did helper T cells presumably play in the production of antibodies against the E. coli strain? Select the best answer.

After being shown an antigen by a macrophage (or other antigen presenting cell), T-cells activate B-cells that can produce antibodies against the bacteria.

How was Helga's body able to produce antibodies against E. coli O157 if she had never encountered it before? Select the best answer.

After identifying the E. coli as a pathogen, Helga's immune system selects among a huge number of B-cells randomly generated by the immune system. B-cells that can produce antibodies against the pathogen are selected and activated.

According to Campbell et al. the kidneys of an average human extract 180L of filtrate from your blood stream each day. An average human has only 5L of blood. How is this possible?

Almost all of the 180L of fluid is returned to the blood stream is returned to the bloodstream by osmosis as the renal filtrate goes through the first part of the loop of Henle.

What cells produce antibodies? Select the best answer.

B-cells

Compare the roles of cytotoxic T-cells to B-cells. How does each contribute to the function of the immune system?

B-cells produce antibodies, whereas cytotoxic T-cells induce virus-infected cells to kill themselves.

A year after Helga and Rothgar's unfortunate encounter with E. coli, they married. They are now expecting their first child, which led Rothgar to realize he had forgotten how circulation differs between him and his unborn child. Please refresh Rothgar's memory about how blood circulation differs before and after birth?

Before birth blood can flow from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale. Before birth blood can flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus. Most blood bypasses the lungs before birth. All of the above

Last year, Dr. Bigmeanie had her BIOL 202 lab sections test the effect of rapid chilling on blood pressure. The first group of students measured their blood pressure and pulse rates before and after 1 minute and 5 minutes dunked in ice water. The second group measured their blood pressure and pulse waited five minutes, and measured again without doing anything in between. Here is the data. In Dr. Bigmeanie's experiment what were the dependent variables?

Blood pressure and heart rate

How do capillaries differ from arteries?

Capillaries are smaller than arteries Capillaries have thinner walls than arteries Capillaries have lower pressure than arteries All of the above

What are hormones?

Chemical signals that travel through the blood stream

Compare the roles of cytotoxic T-cells to Natural killer cells. How does each contribute to the function of the immune system? Select the best answer.

Cytotoxic T-cells kill human cells displaying foreign proteins on MHCI complexes, and Natural Killer cells kill human cells that do not produce MHCI

What hormones are produced in response to short term stress?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Why is osmosis a big deal for saltwater fish?

Fish gills being exchange organs provide a very efficient way for water to leave the bloodstream by osmosis.

When blood sugar falls what hormone is normally produced?

Glucagon

Bob (a human) tells his parents he can't go to college in Minnesota because he is ectothermic. His parents don't understand. Please translate for them. Should his parents accept his explanation?

He means his body does not produce enough internal heat to regulate his body temperature. He is either mistaken or a liar.

What best describes the vessels of the lymphatic system:

Low pressure vessels with valves leading from capillaries through lymph nodes to a vein leading to the heart.

What role did macrophages presumably play in the production of antibodies against the E. coli strain? Select the best answer.

Macrophages presumably were among the first immune cells to attack the E. coli. After engulfing and destroying the bacteria, the macrophages used MHCII complexes to display bits of bacterial protein to helper T-cells, which then activated the appropriate B-cells.

What are MHCII proteins? Why were they important for the immune response to the E. coli O157?

Macrophages use MHCII complexes to display bits of bacterial proteins (antigens) to helper T-cells.

Why do humans make urea ??

Metabolism of proteins produces nitrogen waste that must be disposed of Metabolism of nucleic acids produces nitrogen waste that must be disposed of Urea is more soluble and less toxic than ammonia All of the above.

What hormones are produced in response to long term stress?

Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

What are hormone receptors? What role do they play in hormone signaling?

Proteins produced by specific cells that allow them to respond to a hormone

What are antibodies?

Proteins that bind (stick to) specific bacteria, viruses or other foreign material with high specificity.

In the case study about Baby Joe, Baby Joe was unable to produce the RAG protein. How did lack of RAG protein cause Baby Joe to be sick?

RAG protein is needed to randomly rearrange the genes for antibodies and T-cell receptors, a necessary step in producing B and T cells with different specificities.

The kidneys of desert animals have longer loops of Henle than organisms living in wet areas. What is the function of the loops of Henle?

Reabsorbing water from the renal filtrate by osmosis

Rothgar's immune system will encounter many more pathogens (disease causing rganisms) than just E. coli O157. How can Rothgar's immune system produce antibodies capable of attacking the wide variety of pathogens he will encounter? Select the best answer.

Rothgar's bone marrow stem cells continually produce new B-cells. Each new B-cell randomly rearranges the gene for antibodies so that each newly maturing B-cell produces antibodies with different specificity.

Most fish do not convert toxic ammonia to urea or uric acid. How do they get away without detoxifying ammonia?

Since fish can easily get rid ammonia by diffusion from their gills, the ammonia does not build up in their blood.

If Helga encounters the same strain of E.coli again, she will probably not get very sick. Why not? Select the best answer.

Some of the B-cells activated during her immune response will become memory B-cells. These memory B-cells will quickly produce antibodies if the E. coli is encountered again.

Dr. Clueless told his class that T-Cell receptors are cells in the lymph nodes that welcome T-cells to the lymph nodes, and provide all that the T-cells need to relax after spending a hard week traveling through the blood stream destroying bacteria by phagocytosis. According to Dr. Clueless the lymph nodes are expansions of the arteries where immune cells congregate during their time off. 12. What is wrong with Dr. Clueless's information?

T-cells don't destroy bacteria by phagocytosis, they destroy infected human cells. Lymph nodes are not expansions of the arteries T-cell receptors are proteins produced by T-cells, not a welcoming committee a, b., and c among other factual errors.

While thinking of children, he also remembers that children have a larger thymus (proportionally) that adults, but he can't remember what the thymus does. What does the thymus do?

T-cells mature in the thymus. It also produces hormones that affect immune function.

which of the following is the best example of homeostasis?

The concentration of salt inside salmon tissues is maintained at a constant steady state by regulatory mechanisms and energy expenditure regardless of whether the fish is swimming in the salty ocean or a fresh water river.

Among organisms in the sea that are osmoconformers, how does the concentration of solutes in their bodily fluids compare the concentration of solutes in seawater?

The concentration of solutes in their bodily fluids is the same as in seawater.

Ethel and Elsa want to clean out their room. Dr. Cronin suggests they use the kidney strategy. Sadly Ethel and Elsa don't understand. What best describes the method kidneys use for cleaning the bloodstream?

The kidneys remove fluid and small molecules from the blood non-selectively and return needed material to the blood selectively

Jeremiah, a freshwater fish, looked through the glass of his aquarium and pined for Sally the brilliantly colored saltwater fish in the next tank. Unfortunately, the biggest obstacle to their romance was not the glass wall of their fish tanks. Rather, they will be forever kept from swimming together by osmosis. 22. What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

What are the loops of henle?

The part of the nephron that extends from the cortex of the kidney into the medulla and back.

What is homeostasis?

The process by which organisms minimize fluctuations in their internal environment through regulatory systems based on negative feedback.

Which group of students was the control group?

The students who were not dunked in the ice water

How do fresh water fish compensate for the effects of osmosis?

They excrete large amounts of dilute urine

Proteins that bind (stick to) specific bacteria, viruses or other foreign material with high specificity.

Through several mechanisms: agglutination, precipitation, opsonization, complement fixation, and neutralization.

In places where there is insufficient iodine in food, what hormones can't be produced?

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

In Dr. Bigmeanie's experiment what were the independent variables?

Time in ice water, and time without ice water

Birds convert nitrogenous waste to uric acid. Why?

Uric acid allows nitrogenous waste to be excreted with little water loss

In the nephron of kidneys, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule (from Campbell Biology Concepts and Connections)

filter the blood and capture the filtrate

Thyroid hormones inhibit the production of TRH by the hypothalamus and TSH by the pituitary. This is an example of:

homeostasis

When blood sugar rises what hormone is normally produced?

insulin

what hormones are produced by the pancreas? Mark all that are correct.

insulin, glucagon