Biology Final Study Exam 3

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother

How does coevolution lead to speciation?

An adaptation in one organism drives adaptation in a second organism

Which of the following statements about evolution is true?

Evolution can result in the addition or loss of traits in existing organisms

How is nuclear DNA inherited?

Fifty percent of nuclear DNA is inherited from the mother's ancestral line and 50 percent from the father's ancestral line

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that suggests Homo Sapiens may have intermingled with other species such as h. heidelbergensis and he neanderthalensis?

Fossils from all or some of these homo species dating to the same time period and found in overlapping geographic areas, showing phenotypes intermediate to at least two of the other species as well as evidence of DNA shared between the species woild suggest that they have intermingled with each other

Geographic isolation limits the ____ between populations of a species

Gene Flow

The correct two word Latin, scientific name, for modern humans is

Homo Sapiens

it is possible that modern humans may have comingled with which of these other ancestors?

Homo neanderthalensis, Homo hetdelbergensts, and homo floresiensts

Natural Selection

Is the principle cause of evolutionary change

In light of the "out-of-Africa" hypothesis, which of the following is a likely reason why species like Homo neanderthalensis, homo floresninensis, and homo erectus do not exist today?

Modern Homo Sapiens out-competed and replaced other hominin species as they migrated around the world

Which of the following is true with regard to mutations?

Mutations occur in response to environmental pressures

Breeding programs for farm-raised chickens result in a variety of unusual colors and feathers. Is this an example of evolution?

No. Domesticated animals do not undergo evolution

Sympatric Speciation

Occurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier

Which of the following correctly indicates a relationship between the morphological species concept and the biological species concept?

Organisms capable of interbreeding might have different physical traits

Resolving the relationship between the various kingdoms has been challenging because species often resemble one another. For example, the Kingdom ___ contains some organisms that are annual-like and others that are plant like

Protista

Two populations of lizards live in the same area. Which of the following evidence would convince you that they are two distinct species?

The two populations are not capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?

The zygote fails to develop

Whales and Indohyus share a more recent common ancestor than whales and fish. Which of the following is true?

Whales and Indohyus will have more similarities in their DNA than whales and fish

Is it possible for Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals to be related even if humans are not the direct descendants of Neanderthals?

Yes, because humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor

Evolution can be described as

a change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time

Adaptive evolution allows species to

adjust to environmental changes

The development of upright posture in hominins is likely

an adaptation for living on the ground instead of in the trees

Which of the following is NOT likely to be a cause of rapid evolution in a population?

an organism that reproduces very slowly

The hands of a human and a chimpanzee are similar in structure because the hands of a human

and chimpanzee share a recent common ancestor

Neanderthal fossils

are likely to be found in layers below human fossils

Humans simulate the process of natural selection when they ____ to develop new varieties of crop plants that better meet the needs of farmers

artificial selection

Primates have opposable thumbs. This means the thumbs

can be touched to each of the other fingers on the same hand

Speciation

can result from geographic isolation

The fossil record

contains strong evidence that major new groups of organisms arose from previously existing organisms

Which of the following is not a mode of natural selection?

dormant selection

Convergent evolution occurs when natural selection causes distantly related organisms to

evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges

In natural selection, ____ that increase survival and reproductive success become more common in a population

genotypes

Which of the following categories of the Linnaean Hierarchy would include the most closely related organisms

genus

Which of the following categories of the linnaean hierarchy would include the broadest range of related organisms?

genus

Natural selection tends to

increase the commonality of characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction

The Cambrian explosion

increased the diversity of animal life on Earth

Which of the following groupings are most closely related to each other?

lemars, chimps, humans

Gene flow between two populations

makes the genetic composition of the two populations more similar

The fossils of organisms that existed when the continents were connected are distributed across ____ continents than the fossils of organisms that evolved after the continents separated

more

The proteins and DNA of organisms that share a recent common ancestor are ____the proteins and DNA of organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor

more similar than

New alleles arise by

mutation

Fossils found in deeper layers are ____ than fossils found in more shallow layers

older

Using reproductive isolation as a method of defining a species is NOT useful for

organisms that reproduce sexually

which of the following is NOT an advantage of bipedalism in hominins?

standing on two feet makes it easier to climb trees

Evolution is

strongly supported by scientific evidence

Bacteria reproduce asexually, so scientists classify them based on

the morphological species concept

Both humans and whales evolved from a common ancestor. Although our forelimbs are quite different, they are made of the same bones. This is an example of

transition fossil

At the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is the

universal ancestor

Whales have tiny thighbones embedded in the skin next to their pelvis. This is an example of

vestigial structure

Gene flow occurs

when an individual migrates between two otherwise isolated populations of a species