Biology II Exam 2

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? a. structure of the nucleus b. structure of chloroplasts c. structure of cilia d. near universality of the genetic code

d

Which of the following features is not unique to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? a. a nucleoid b. a cell wall c. a mitochondrion d. a nucleus

b

The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is likely to be true of this species? 1. It is a bacterium. 2. It is an archaean. 3. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7. 4. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7. 5. It could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs. 6. It could inhabit alkaline hot springs. 1, 3, and 5 1, 3, and 6 2, 4, and 5 1, 4, and 5

2, 4, and 5

This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of _____. 1. penicillin-resistance genes 2. a secretory system that removes penicillin from the cell 3. a Gram-positive cell wall 4. a Gram-negative cell wall 5. an endospore 4 or 5 2 or 3 2, 4, or 5 1 or 5

2, 4, or 5

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature(s) should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium? 1. nucleolus 2. prophage 3. endospore 4. nucleoid 2 and 3 1 and 3 3 and 4 4 only

3 and 4

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of _____. a. a capsule b. pili c. fimbriae d. a flagellum

a

All of the statements below are true. Select the statement that best supports the view of most biologists that viruses are nonliving. a. An isolated virus is unable to replicate its genes or regenerate ATP. b. The viral genome may be single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA. c. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

a

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. a. symbiotic b. commensal c. mutualistic d. taxis e. parasitic

a

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become _____. a. deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients b. antibiotic resistant c. unable to fix carbon dioxide d. unable to synthesize peptidoglycan

a

Cells are _____. a. characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms b. only found in pairs, because single cells cannot exist independently c. limited in size to 200 and 500 micrometers in diameter d. characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic organisms

a

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the _____. a. rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat b. temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome c. production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny d. subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium

a

The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Upon its death, this bacterium should be able to participate in _____. a. transformation b. conjugation and transduction c. conjugation d. transduction

a

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

a

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? a. capsule, lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane b. phospholipid membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide membrane c. lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan, capsule, phospholipid membrane d. lipopolysaccharide membrane, capsule, peptidoglycan, phospholipid membrane

a

Viruses are a. not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction. b. alive because they often contain DNA. c. alive because they mutate and change over time through evolution. d. not alive because they can only carry out photosynthesis and not cellular respiration.

a

Which of the following processes can viruses carry out? a. They can use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins. b. They can use the host cell to copy themselves and then synthesize their own proteins inside the viral capsid. c. They can metabolize food and produce their own ATP. d. They can manufacture their own ATP, proteins, and nucleic acids.

a

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? a. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses. b. People can get colds and flus again because the viruses are constantly mutating. c. If a virus mutates, the immune system may not recognize the virus. d. Vaccines are available to prevent several diseases caused by viruses.

a

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. b. The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. c. Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane. d. Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. e. Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.

a

Which of the following statements supports the argument that viruses are nonliving? a. They do not carry out metabolic processes on their own. b. They do not evolve. c. They have RNA rather than DNA. d. Their DNA does not encode proteins.

a

Which statement about the domain Archaea is true? a. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. b. The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. c. No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. d. No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.

a

Will treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection? a. No; antibiotics work by inhibiting enzymes specific to bacteria. Antibiotics have no effect on eukaryotic or virally encoded enzymes. b. Yes; antibiotics activate the immune system, and this decreases the severity of the infection. c. Yes; antibiotics can prevent viral entry into the cell by binding to host-receptor proteins. d. No; antibiotics do not kill viruses because viruses do not have DNA or RNA.

a

Evidence suggests that factors that contribute towards the virulence of E. coli strain O157:H7, a bacterial strain reported to cause several food poisoning deaths, are caused by genes from a virus that infects bacteria. Considering this evidence, which of the following statements most likely explains how the O157:H7 population acquired the genetic variation that distinguishes the strain from harmless E. coli strains, such as those that reside in our intestines? a. The virus entered the cell and acquired specific genes from the bacteria to increase the virulence of the virus. b. The virus infected the bacterium, and allowed the bacterial population to replicate with a copy of the phage genome in each new bacterium. c. The virus entered the bacterial cell and incorporated its DNA into the bacterial genome, allowing the bacteria's cellular machinery to create new viruses. d. Viral envelope proteins bind to receptors on the bacterial membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the bacterium and become translated into proteins.

b

How does a virus differ from a bacterium? Select all that apply. a. Viruses are two-dimensional, whereas bacteria are three-dimensional. b. Viruses, unlike bacteria, lack metabolic enzymes. c. A virus, unlike a bacterium, lacks a genome.

b

If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is _____. a. conjugation b. binary fission c. transduction d. transformation

b

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

b

The pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are _____. a. bacteria that release an endotoxin b. bacteria that release an exotoxin c. archaea that release an endotoxin d. archaea that release an exotoxin

b

What is lateral gene transfer? a. Inheritance of a gene through mitosis b. Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage. c. Inheritance of a gene from a parent d. Inheritance of a gene through meiosis

b

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? a. proteins b. a cell membrane c. nucleic acids d. genetic material

b

Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? a. independent existence b. genetic material composed of nucleic acid c. ribosomes d. cell division e. metabolism

b

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? a. extremophiles, tiny, abundant b. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse c. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse d. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles

b

Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? a. a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment b. an anaerobic archaean species c. an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps d. a bacterium found on another planet or moon

b

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? a. responding to stimuli b. creating energy c. being capable of reproduction d. having DNA as a genetic code e. exhibiting complex organization

b

Which of the following statements correctly describes vaccines and how they help prevent viral infection? a. Vaccines are active versions of a virus that stimulate an immune reaction in a person. b. Vaccines are inactive versions of a virus that stimulate an immune reaction in a person. c. Vaccines are infectious enzymes that stimulate an immune reaction in a person. d. Vaccines are infectious proteins that stimulate an immune reaction in a person.

b

Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy? a. In the presence of multiple drugs, the mutation rate of HIV decreases. b. The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small. c. The drugs improve the immune system so that it is better able to find and remove virus particles. d. There are fewer side effects associated with combination drug therapy, and the appearance of resistance is directly related to the severity of side effects.

b

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. What should be true of the cell wall of this bacterium? a. It is mostly composed of a complex, cross-linked polysaccharide. b. Its innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. c. It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. d. After it has been subjected to Gram staining, the cell should remain purple.

c

Effective antiviral drugs are usually associated with which of the following properties? a. removal of viral mRNAs b. removal of viral proteins c. interference with viral replication d. prevention of the host from becoming infected

c

If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also _____. a. lack a chromosome b. lack water in its cytoplasm c. lack antibiotic-resistant genes d. lack a cell wall

c

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? a. fimbriae, nucleoid, and endospore b. endospore, fimbriae, and plasmids c. plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore d. nucleoid, fimbriae, and plasmids

c

In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _____. a. are larger b. do not have membranes c. are smaller d. are more structurally complex

c

In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are a. Prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution. b. The DNA in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate. c. Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes. d. Prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes but they are more useful to the organism.

c

Select the correct statement about bacteria. a. All organisms with cells containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are eukaryotes, whereas all organisms with cells lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles are bacteria. b. The majority of bacteria cause human disease. c. Certain bacteria live within rocks kilometers below the Earth's surface.

c

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. a. Eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes. b. The total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes. c. Prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells.

c

Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. In prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domains is: a. Crossing over is a major mechanism in creating genetic variation in prokaryotes while independent assortment is a major mechanism is eukaryotes. b. Eukaryotes are able to generate mutations in response to environmental stress while prokaryotes only generate random variation. c. Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer. d. Eukaryotic variation occurs primarily within a single generation while prokaryotic variation occurs over many generations.

c

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

c

Suppose you were in charge of sending an unmanned space probe to a new planet in search of life. The probe would be able to collect and test samples and make observations, but the planet is too far away for the probe to be able to bring samples back to Earth. The probe is small and would only be able to run a few tests, so you want to pick a test for evidence of life that is broad enough to incorporate all forms of life as we know it. Which one of the following tests would be the best to use in this situation? a. a test for the presence of soil suitable for growing plants b. a test for the presence of large organisms capable of movement c. a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA d. a test for the presence of things that change size quickly, since it would be an indication of growth and development

c

Termites eat wood, but many do not produce enzymes themselves that will digest the cellulose in the wood. Instead, some termites house a complex community of protozoa, bacteria, and archaea that could help digest the cellulose. Imagine an experiment that fed termites either wood only or wood and antibiotics, and then measured the amount of energy extracted from the wood. If both groups gained equal amounts of energy, which of the conclusions is the most logical? a. We would conclude that the protozoa contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. b. We would conclude that the archaea contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. c. We would conclude that the bacteria did not contribute to digestion of cellulose and lignin. d. We would conclude that none of the three groups were needed to digest cellulose and lignin.

c

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. a. thermophiles b. extremophiles c. halophiles d. Korarchaeota e. methanogens

c

What do we call a virus that attacks a bacterium? a. prion b. paramyxovirus c. phage d. retrovirus e. viroid

c

What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex? a. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, community b. molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem c. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem d. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population e. molecule, organelle, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

c

Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? a. Ribosome b. Messenger RNA c. Ribosomal RNA d. DNA

c

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? a. the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall b. the presence or absence of ribosomes c. whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes d. whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism

c

Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently? a. Although the mechanism of movement in both flagella is the same, the protein that accomplishes the movement is different. b. The flagella of both eukaryotes and bacteria are made of the same protein, but the configuration is different. c. The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella. d. The mechanics of movement and protein structure are the same in these flagella, but there are significant genetic differences.

c

Which of the following processes within viral replication is the greatest source of genetic variation in RNA virus populations? a. Viral RNA is translated by host cell ribosomes. b. Transcription from the host cell RNA polymerase introduces numerous mutations. c. High mutation rate due to lack of proofreading of RNA genome replication errors. d. Capsid proteins from the host cell can replace the viral capsid.

c

Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? a. plant b. animal c. archaean d. fungi

c

Which statement about endotoxins is true? a. The source of endotoxins is endospores. b. An example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium botulinum. c. Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. d. Endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes. e. Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

c

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? a. The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids. b. The organism does not have nucleus. c. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan. d. It can survive at a temperature over 100°C.

c

Why is it ineffective to treat viral disease with antibiotics? a. Due to excessive antibiotic use, most viruses have evolved to be resistant to antibiotics. b. Pathogenic RNA viruses have a high rate of mutation, producing new genetic varieties that are insensitive to antibiotic treatment. c. Antibiotics inhibit enzymes specific to bacteria and have no effect on virally encoded enzymes.

c

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____. a. being prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes b. their electron acceptors c. the way that they generate ATP d. their mode of nutrition

d

Bioremediation is _____. a. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products b. the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes c. the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms d. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment e. the use of biological processes to remedy diseases

d

HIV is inactivated in the laboratory after a few minutes of sitting at room temperature, but the flu virus is still active after sitting for several hours. What are the practical consequences of these findings? a. HIV can be transmitted more easily from person to person than the flu virus b. Disinfecting surfaces is more important to reduce the spread of HIV than the flu c. This property of HIV makes it more likely to be a pandemic than the flu virus d. The flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than HIV

d

Homeostasis is a living organism's a. attempt to carry out photosynthesis even when there is no sunlight present. b. ability to pump blood through the body. c. attempt to cool off, even when it is cold outside. d. ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change. e. ability to hibernate during cold times of the year.

d

If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes could likely result? a. The viral core proteins would not have glycoproteins added to them and might not arrive at the host plasma membrane. b. The virus would be unable to reproduce within the host cell. c. The viral capsid proteins would not have glycoproteins added to them and might not arrive at the host plasma membrane. d. The viral envelope proteins would not have glycoproteins added to them and might not arrive at the host plasma membrane.

d

Photoautotrophs use a. CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source. b. H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. c. N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. d. light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. e. light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source.

d

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

d

The nucleic acid of a virus particle is enclosed in a protein coat. What is it called? a. nucleoid b. envelope c. genome d. capsid e. nuclear envelope

d

What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? a. Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences b. Composition of the cell wall c. Number of cells in the organism d. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus

d

What is difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? a. An epidemic is caused by a bacterial infection; a pandemic is caused by a viral infection. b. An epidemic is a disease; a pandemic is a treatment. c. An epidemic has low mortality; a pandemic has higher mortality. d. An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global.

d

What is the function of fimbriae? a. They protect the cell from dehydration. b. They are used to transfer DNA during conjugation. c. They are used in motility. d. They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes. e. They are components of the outer cell wall in gram-negative bacteria.

d

What is the most effective way to stop viral infections? a. drug cocktails b. wear a hat when you go outside in the winter c. antibiotics d. vaccines e. antiviral drugs

d

Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Eukarya d. Prokarya

d

Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? a. a membrane-enclosed nucleus b. membrane-enclosed organelles c. generally about the same size d. the use of DNA as the information storage molecule e. the use of proteins as information storage molecules

d

Which of the following is an example of "unity in diversity"? a. The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. b. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. c. All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. d. All of the above are correct.

d

Which of the following is not a property associated with all living organisms? a. Regulation b. Evolutionary adaptation c. Energy processing d. Disorder

d

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? a. A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants. b. A paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer. c. A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. d. A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.

d

Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation? a. RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens. b. RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases. c. RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides. d. Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading.

d

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? a. It forms chains called mycelia. b. It lacks cell walls. c. It is an endosymbiont. d. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.

d

Genes for the resistance to antibiotics are usually located _____. a. in mitochondria b. in eukaryotic cells c. on the outside of the cell wall d. on the main chromosome e. on plasmids

e

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from a. conjugation. b. transduction. c. transformation. d. mutation. e. meiosis.

e

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? a. nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA b. the structure of their cell walls c. the occurrence of introns in their chromosomes d. methanogenesis e. the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

e

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? a. The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. b. They have extremely short generation times and large populations. c. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. d. They have a relatively small genome. e. The second and third answers are correct.

e

Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in a. archaea. b. chlamydias. c. actinomycetes. d. chemoautotrophic bacteria. e. cyanobacteria.

e

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

e

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

e

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. a. replication b. infection c. translation d. lysis e. transcription

e

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? a. Plantae b. Fungi c. Bacteria d. Archaea e. Eukarya

e

Why are viruses called obligate intracellular parasites? a. They must use a host cell's ribosomes to synthesize proteins. b. They must use a host cell's nucleotides for transcription and replication. c. They must use a host cell's metabolic enzymes and pathways to obtain energy. d. They must use a host cell's amino acids to synthesize proteins. e. All of the above.

e

True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria. T F

f