Biology II Exam 2 Launchpads

You are adding specimens to your insect collection and you net what you think is a wasp. When you examine the specimen more closely in the lab, you discover that it is a moth that looks very similar to a wasp. This is an example of -masting -Batesian mimicry -agility -Camouflage -Mullerian mimicry.

Batesian mimicry

Why do we think that male Neanderthals mated with non-African ancestral Homo sapiens? -Because neither Neanderthal mtDNA sequences nor nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool -Because both Neanderthal mtDNA sequences and nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool -Because Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are not present -Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not present

Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not present

The process whereby fat soluble compounds become more and more concentrated in the tissues of animals as one goes up the trophic pyramid is called -acidification -Biomagnification -Biodegradation -Eutrophication -the ecological footprint

Biomagnification

A consequence of how the earth is heated by the sun is that -the areas around 30 degrees north and south latitude tend to be dry -all of the answers are correct -the region around the equator is warm and wet -none of the answers are correct -sea breezes blow on shore during the day and out sea at night.

all of the answers are correct

A niche can be defined as -the food that a species eats -the geographic range of a species -all of the habitat requirements of a particular species -he place where an organism lives.

all of the habitat requirements of a particular species

Consider a population undergoing logistic growth. When (K - N)/K = 0, what does that imply about the birth rate (b) and the death rate (d)? Refer to the figure shown. -b/d -It is not possible to make an inference about b and d from this information -b = d -b < d

b = d

Ocean levels are rising due to -All of these cause sea levels to rise -the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice sheets -both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting -both thermal expansion and Arctic melting -thermal expansion of seawater

both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting

Grey whales in the pacific ocean often have barnacles attached to their skin. The whales seem unaffected, while the barnacles get a place to live that transports them to areas where food is abundant. This kind of species interaction is best described as -obligate mutualism -consumption -facultative mutualism -competition -commensualism

commensualism

The study of size, structure, and distribution of populations is called -island biogeography -survivorship -ecology -demography

demography

A biologist tells you that there are about 50 white tailed deer per square mile in Western PA. What population data has she shared with you? -range -density -population size -dispersion

density

According to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography, both the land area of an island and the _____________________ contribute to species diversity. -distance of the island from neighboring land masses -proximity of the island to the equator -depth of the water surrounding the island -climate of the island -rock composition of the island

distance of the island from neighboring land masses

Glacier Bay in Alaska is a fjord whose lowlands were covered by glacial ice until around 230 years ago. As the glacier retreated, glacial till was exposed to plant colonization; remarkably (and fortunately for generations of ecologists), the location of the tip of the retreating glacier has been frequently documented since the late 1700's. This means that scientists have been able to develop a detailed timeline of the changes in the plant community, or ____________ in Glacier Bay over time. -niche diversification -none of these -competitive exclusion -niche divergence -ecological succession

ecological succession

Examine the figure illustrating human population growth. What pattern of growth are we currently exhibiting? -logistic growth -exponential growth -geometric growth -intrinsic growth -None of the other answer options is correct.

exponential growth

Five species of ants can be found on aspen sunflowers (Helianthella quinquenervis), which live in wet mountain meadows of the Rocky Mountains. The aspen sunflowers provide nectar to the ants in special structures called extrafloral nectaries. The ants, in turn, protect the sunflowers from other insects. The ants, however, are not found solely on the sunflowers—they can be found tending aphids on other flower species and collecting nectar from other species as well. This, then, is an example of a(n): -facultative antagonism -obligate antagonism -facultative mutualism -obligate mutualism -None of the answer options are correct

facultative mutualism

You are surveying biodiversity on a new island chain. You have counted the number of bird species on one island already. The next island is larger and closer to the mainland than the one you have just surveyed. According to the theory of island biogeography, the total number of bird species on the island that is larger and closer to the mainland should be _____ than on the second island because the rate of immigration to the new island should be _____ and the rate of extinction should be _____. -smaller; higher; lower -greater; higher; lower -smaller; lower; higher -greater; lower; higher

greater; higher; lower

According to the data in the figure, mean temperature changes from 1940-1980 and 1999-2008 have been greatest: -near the equator -in South America -in the northern hemisphere -in southern Africa -in Australia

in the northern hemisphere

An invasive species: -is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms -is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem -is any species that has been genetically modified by man -is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity -is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem

is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem

The Haber-Bosch process -is defined as N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3 -is the process whereby phosphorus is mined from rock -is defined as 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 -is the process whereby fat soluble chemicals are concentrated in living tissue.

is defined as N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3

Aerosols are generally considered to be a ___________ forcing. -negative -positive -neutral

negative

Which of the following nutrients is responsible for eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico? -water -nitrogen -carbon -oxygen -potassium

nitrogen

Which of the following is NOT an important greenhouse gas? -nitrogen (N2) -water vapor -carbon dioxide (CO2) -methane (CH4)

nitrogen (N2)

To which group do herbivores belong in a food web? -secondary consumers -decomposers -primary consumers -primary producers -tertiary consumers

primary consumers

In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat the tadpoles. Above the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the algae are: -primary consumers -detritivores -primary producers -secondary consumers -tertiary consumers

primary producers

In Glacier Bay, one of the first species to colonize a newly exposed area of glacial till is fireweed. You would predict that fireweed is a(n) ____________-selected species. -K -r

r

The most species rich terrestrial biome is -temperate deciduous forest -tundra -chaparral -rain forest -taiga

rain forest

The coastal redwood occupies an area 450 miles long and 5-35 miles wide from SW Oregon along the Pacific coast to just south of Monterey, California. What aspect of the population ecology of the coast redwood does this statement describe? -range -density -age structure -size

range

In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem (population A). Females of another population in the same area lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant (population B). The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. -reduced competition through sharing a common resource.a larger niche in their natural environment -reduced competition through resource partitioning -increased speciation rate through resource partitioning -decreased speciation rate through resource partitioning.

reduced competition through resource partitioning

Large scale deforestation can add CO2 to the atmosphere mainly by -causing a lot of erosion -reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material -directly putting carbon in the atmosphere due to burning of plants

reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material

The biome of Pittsburgh is best described as -Chaparral -Savannah -Tundra -Temperate coniferous forest -Taiga -Temperate deciduous forest

Temperate deciduous forest

Which is not a normal part of the nitrogen cycle? -Nitrification of ammonia to nitrates by bacteria -Nitrogen fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms adding nitrogen to the nitrogen cycle -Assimilation of nitrates by plants from the soil -Denitrification by bacteria to create N2 and nitrogen loss to the atmosphere -Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process

Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process

The short-term carbon cycle is dominated by -the weathering of carbon stored in rocks -respiration and photosynthesis -volcanoes -precipitation into the deep ocean

respiration and photosynthesis

How does the level of genetic variation in humans compare to the level of genetic variation in other species? -The level of genetic variation is higher in humans than in other species -The level of genetic variation in humans is about the same as other species -We are not sure, because we have been unable to accurately measure genetic variation in humans and other species -The level of genetic variation is lower in humans than in other species.

The level of genetic variation is lower in humans than in other species.

What would happen if the Earth were not tilted on its axis? -There would be no seasons -The seasons would be more extreme -The seasons would be shorter -The seasons would be longer -The seasons would be less extreme.

There would be no seasons

Why are most deserts found at 30 degrees latitude? -This is where warm dry air falls from cells originating at the equator. -This is where winds coming off the oceans pull water from the air, drying out the surface -These areas are not close to any ocean, so water levels in the air are extremely low -This is where sunlight strikes the earth at the most direct angle, so all water evaporates.

This is where warm dry air falls from cells originating at the equator.

Eutrophication describes: -the reduction of oxygen in the water as a result of bacterial decomposition -the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations -the increased production of crops using fertilizer -the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer that leaves agricultural fields as surface runoff -the death and decomposition of algal blooms.

the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations

Which statement is NOT true about robust australopithecines? -they are probably descendants of the genus Ardipithecus -they lived concurrently with members of the genus Homo -they left no living descendants -they gave rise to the genus Homo

they gave rise to the genus Homo

The lineage that leads from the last common ancestor of chimps and humans to living humans contains all the species in the -family Hominidae -genus Astralopithecus -tribe Homininae -genus Homo -superfamily Hominoidea

tribe Homininae

At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve. -true -false

true

True or false: Only about 30% of the nitrogen added to croplands ends up in food.

true

Deserts caused by a rain shadow occur on the east side of the Sierra Nevada range in California. Why does the desert exist on the east side, but not the west side of the range? -Lakes on the east side of the mountain keep enough moisture in the air to prevent moist air from releasing its water when it moves to the east side -The cold soil at the top of the mountains causes all the water to freeze in the soil thereby preventing it from evaporating into the air to be carried down the east side of the mountain -Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert -The air cools as it goes over the mountain and the dry air pulls moisture from the ground on the east side of the mountain.

Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert

Where did Homo sapiens originate? -independently in multiple regions of the world -Asia -North America -the Middle East -Africa

Africa

Which human populations have the highest levels of genetic variation? -Asian populations -Melanesian populations -African populations -North and South American populations -European populations

African populations

Imagine that you have a garden full of sunflowers in your backyard. Unfortunately, you don't have much time to tend to the garden. You eventually notice that two small birch trees sprout and begin to grow among the sunflowers. The birch trees are slower growers than the sunflowers, but by the fifth summer they start to shade the sunflowers. The birch trees and the sunflowers are in competition for: -nutrients -All of the responses are correct -None of the responses is correct because competition only occurs between members of the same species -light -water.

All of the responses are correct

Many human activities influence the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Why? Select all that apply. -There is no evidence that human activities contribute to atmospheric CO2 levels -Burning vegetation (to make way for croplands) releases CO2 into the atmosphere -Using fossil fuels to power vehicles releases CO2 into the atmosphere -Logging removes trees that would otherwise use CO2 during photosynthesis

-Burning vegetation (to make way for croplands) releases CO2 into the atmosphere -Using fossil fuels to power vehicles releases CO2 into the atmosphere -Logging removes trees that would otherwise use CO2 during photosynthesis

Because energy transfer is not 100% efficient across trophic levels, a maximum of about ____________% of energy and biomass available at one trophic level is available at the next. -10-15 -5 -1 -50 -20

10-15

What is the approximate size of the human population today? -10 billion people -25 billion people -7 billion people -2 billion people -5 billion people

7 billion people

Gibbons and orangutans are from Asia. Gorillas and chimpanzees are from Africa. How was Charles Darwin able to hypothesize that humans evolved in Africa? -He understood that humans and orangutans are more closely related than humans and gorillas, based on anatomical criteria -He understood that humans and gorillas/chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and orangutans, based on anatomical criteria -He understood that humans and great apes were closely related.

He understood that humans and gorillas/chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and orangutans, based on anatomical criteria

In the 1940s, biologist Adolph Murie studied survival in Dall sheep in what is now Denali National Park in Alaska. He found that Dall sheep that survive their first year of life have a high probability of surviving until they are around 9 years old. After that, they rapidly become easy prey for wolves and die at a very high rate. This pattern best fits a Type _____ survivorship curve. -I -II -III

I

_____________ first provided evidence for the greenhouse effect. -Charles Keeling -John Tyndall -Svante Arhennius -Alfred Russell Wallace

John Tyndall

In the logistic growth curve depicted, as time goes on, what value would you expect N to approach? Refer to the figure shown. -K -S -r -t -ΔN

K

The oldest plant community in Glacier Bay is hemlock-spruce forest. You would predict that hemlock and spruce trees are ____________-selected species. -r -K

K

Data have been collected since the 1950's in Hawaii that measure atmospheric CO2 levels. The entire data set is known as the -big measurement -Sripps data set -Keeling Curve -Mauna Kea data

Keeling Curve