Biology II Final Review Exams 1-3

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant?

The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg

Describe 2 characteristics of protists. Why are protists important?

1. Eukaryotic 2. Unicellular and colonies 3. Asexual and sexual Supply us with oxygen and are decomposers

Describe 2 characteristics of a virus. Why are viruses important?

1. non-living, non-cellular 2. obligate cellular parasites Attack bacteria and control the population

Yeasts

All of the choices are correct - are members of the ascomycota - reproduce asexually by budding - are responsible for beer, wine, and bread reproduction

The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore,

All of the choices are correct - it belongs to the genus Heraclides - it belongs to the species cresphontes - the specific epithet is cresphontes

With the appearance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and aerobic bacteria during the Precambrian era,

All of the choices are correct. - An oxidizing atmosphere developed on Earth - The formation of the ozone shield occurred - The amount of UV light reaching the Earth was reduced and chemical evolution slowed

Variations within a population by

All of the choices are correct... Mutation, genetic recombination due to fertilization, and gene flow.

Our domesticated honey bee—originally from Europe—is slow to sting, requires abundant flower nectar, gets up late in the morning, and stores much honey but only produces enough new brood to swarm once a year. Because the European honey bee was performing poorly as a honey producer in South America, the African subspecies was imported in a breeding experiment. The African honey bee formed small nests, foraged earlier and on smaller nectar sources, produced less honey stores and more brood, swarmed four or five times a year, and was fast to sting. However, when the African queens escaped, the two populations interbred and the African genotype spread several hundred miles north each year. Surprisingly, a hundred miles behind the expanding range of the African honey bees, the European and hybrid strains died out and the bees were essentially 100 percent African. How would this be explained in evolutionary genetics terms?

Gene flow is occurring between these subspecies but the African bee is "ecologically better suited".

Which of the following conditions is necessary to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Random mating

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi?

Chytridiomycota

Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

Derived

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavates?

Diplomonads, euglenoids, and parabasalids

Over the course of millions of years various environments have changed. As grasslands slowly took the place of forests the inhabitants were forced to adapt or they went extinct. During this time period the horse evolved from a small cat sized creature to the size of the modern horses we see today. This is an example of which type of natural selection?

Directional

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This may result in what type of selection?

Directional selection

The black bellied seed cracker, Pyrenestes, is a West African finch. Within the same geographic region, two subspecies of the bunch are found. One subspecies has a large beak, which is efficient at cracking the hard seeds of the sedge, Scleria verrucosa. The other subspecies has a small beak, which is more efficient at eating the soft seeds of the sedge, Scleria goossensii. What type of selection occurred to produce this situation? Explain what a population distribution graph would look like that would depict this type of selection.

Disruptive selection might affect the geographical regions, individuals with intermediate features are selected against, produces after many generations a divided population, each with their own bell-shaped distribution, temporarily or spatially separate environments. Two bell-curves.

Single celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains

Eukarya

Macroevolution is opportunistic, not goal oriented. Explain what this means.

Evolution is not moving in a direction for a certain goal, variations arise by random mutations, not because a particular solution is needed. Natural selection "weeds out" variation.

Please define then briefly compare and contrast K-selected and r-selected species an provide an example of each.

K-selected: carrying capacity species, maintains a carrying capacity; species has long life, well-cared for offspring, and are large in size. ex: humans r-selected: species that are small in size, mature fast, and die fast. ex: bacteria

Define sexual dimorphism and provide an example

Male and females have different characteristics. ex: male bird is red while female is brown in the same species

Based on this tree, the lineage leading to ____ was the first to diverge froth other lines.

Mammals

Compare the differences between microevolution and macroevolution.

Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies of populations over time. Macroevolution is what happens when microevolutionary change accumulates until speciation occurs.

What is mimicry? What are the two types?

Mimicry is copying the behaviors another species with anti-predation defense - Batesian mimicry: species that lacks defense mechanisms mimics a species that does - Mullerian mimicry: multiple species with defense mechanisms mimic each other ex: bees, yellow jacket

Which of the following conditions is not necessary to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Mutation

Which of the following examples will help maintain diversity within a population?

Natural selection

The difference in temperature preference between two populations of Daphnia water fleas is due to mutation. The original population prefers temperatures near 20°C, while the mutant population prefers temperatures between 25°C and 30°C. Predict how natural selection might affect the geographical distribution of these two populations.

Natural selection might affect the geographical distribution The mutant population may migrate to warmer waters, while the cool water populations will live in cooler water. The mutation could also lead to Daphnia occupying temperature-stratified habitats, with the cool water population living closer to the surface in the cooler month, and the warm water population living closer to the surface in warmer months.

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?

No evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

________ prevents hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, it is infertile.

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of allele frequencies in a population?

Small population with genetic drift

In the case of peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black mother were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was verifying which factor involved in evolution by natural selection?

Some individuals are better adapted to particular environment than other individuals.

______ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time.

Speciation

Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy.

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

While studying gull egg laying abilities a researcher noted that the birds laid an average of 7-9 eggs per clutch at the beginning of the study. After studying the population for 15 generations the researcher noted that the birds now laid an average of 3-4 eggs per clutch. What type of natural selection is occurring in the population of gulls?

Stabilizing

Which statement is NOT true about the Founder Effect?

The Founder Effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi?

The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.

Amish populations in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania have high rates of a rare form of dwarfism. The recessive allele that codes for this disorder is found in 1 of 14 individuals in this Amish population, in contrast to 1 in 1,000 in the general population. In Ohio, the Amish population suffers with higher than normal rates of cystic fibrosis and a host of other genetic diseases so rare that some have not yet been named. What factors have causes such severe genetic problems in these two communities?

These severe genetic problems are a combination of the Founder Effect and nonrandom mating. Rare, recessive genes have become more common through the generations as distantly related members marry and increase the odds of being carriers of the disorders.

Logistic growth model

This is a logistic growth model, the population needs to grow and maintain under carrying capacity. A is the lag phase where species are just starting to grow. B is the exponential growth phase where species growth are accelerating. C is the deceleration phase where growth is slowing down. D is the stable equilibrium phase where growth levels off so that the species does not exceed carrying capacity.

It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?

You have broke the sori on the bottom of the fern frond, and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus

Which of the following features would have helped early plant ancestors evolve to a terrestrial existence?

a cuticle

Each species has a typical survivorship curve. Identify the labeled curves and briefly describe the typical survival rates and when death occurs. Give examples of organisms that have this type of survivorship curve.

a. Type 1 - typically have high survival rates and live a long time. ex: humans b. Type 2 - has an equal chance of dying throughout the entire lifespan. ex: birds c. Type 3 - typically die at young age, only few live for a long time. ex: oak tree

Altruism is

actions of an animal that immediately benefit others rather than itself

When discussing population features a cohort is described as

all the individuals in a population born at the same time

Opportunistic species

are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of _____.

behavioral isolation

The maximum rate of natural increase of a population that occurs under ideal conditions is the

biotic potential

An ecosystem contains

both the biotic and the abiotic components of the local environment.

Pavlov's well known experiment of a dog salivating at the sound of a bell ring is an example of

classical conditioning

In cladistics, ________ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms

common ancestry

A(n) _____ consists of all the populations of multiple species interacting in a designated region

community

Dikaryotic cells of fungi

contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time

Energy flow in an ecosystem is not cyclic because energy is

converted to heat, which is no longer useful

In the fern life cycle, the _____ generation is dominant

diploid sporophyte

The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA

When conditions are unfavorable, some bacteria form

endospores

All of the conditions under which an organism could conceivably survive and reproduce constitute its

fundamental niche

In some plants, the sperm can not reach the egg because the stigma prevents formation of the pollen tubes. This is an example of

gametic isolation

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is

gene mutation

The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canis represent the species

genus name

The particular place where an organism lives is its

habitat

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

herbivore - eats producers and performs photosynthesis

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of

hybrid infertility

Learned behavior that causes a family of baby ducks to follow their mother is called

imprinting

The type of learning that is associated with an organism solving a problem without any prior experiences with the situation is

insight learning

If a virus is latent, it

is not actively replicating

If a virus is latent, it

is not actively replicating.

In a population, the allele frequency of red flower color remained at 0.7 and the allele frequency for white flower remained at 0.3 for six generations. This ___ an example of a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in that __________.

is, evolution did not occur

Crutose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of

lichens

Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the ________ life cycle.

lysogenic

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists?

mitochondria and plastids

The Jones family has a plan to encourage good behavior in their children. When a child completes daily chores, that child receives a gold star. The earning of fourteen gold stars allows the child to choose between a visit to the movie theatre or the park. This is an example of

operant conditions

Which of the following molecules are believed to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

oxygen

The scientific study of fossils and what they reveal about prehistoric life in relation to ancient climates and environments is

paleontology

Is is possible that the carbon atoms in your body may have once made up the living tissues of another person or animal in earlier times? This is

possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere

A shared derived trait of all plants is

protection of the embryo

The synthesis of DNA or RNA from organic soup would have been guided by the actions of enzymes in the

protein-first hypothesis

Scientists developed the ____________ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.

punctuated equilibrium

If the members of a population are small in size, mature early, and have high parity and fecundity, they are

r-strategists

The making of a short-term reproductive sacrifice in order to maximize future reproductive potential is

reciprocal altruism

The biological species concepts relies mainly on _________ to define a species.

reproductive isolation

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the

rusts and smuts

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the _______ stage of the life cycle and in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the _______ stage of the life cycle

sporophyte; gametophyte

Advantages to living in a social group for an animal includes all of the following EXCEPT

spread of illness and parasites

In speciation which of the following is mismatched?

sympatric speciation-geographical isolation

Primate grooming and honeybee waggle-dancing share which of these forms of communication?

tactile communication

Dogs scent-mark by defecating and urinating in an area, while cats scent-mark by rubbing against objects. Both of these increase the animals level of fitness and are examples of

territoriality

In a population with low death rates, this age structure indicates that (increasing to a point like bell-shaped)

the population will continue to grow for some time

In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they occupy

the same habitat but different niches

Which of the following is a mismatch?

thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures.

Many worker bees give their lives to save a bee hive from an attack by bears or other animals. In such cases, we now know that

these worker bees will have a reproductive benefit if the members of the hive survive

A population in which death rates are higher than birth rates, and the pre reproductive group is smaller than the reproductive group is best represented by an age structure diagram with a(n) _____-shape

urn

Characteristics of edicts includes all EXCEPT

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem

Saprolegnia, a ________, is feeding on the dead goldfish pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist.

water mold

Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by

a membranous envelope

All land plants have _____ life cycle

an alteration of generations

The dominant plants in modern times are the _______ due to their relationship with animal pollinators

angiosperms

The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of

both DNA or RNA

Which portion of the plant life cycle is haploid?

gametophyte

The carrying capacity of the environment for a species for a species is determined by

the limited availability of renewable resources in the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism

A major disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it

uses morphological traits to distinguish species

Describe the 2 characteristics of plants. Why are plants important?

1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic 3. Sexual and asexual Primary producers, medicinal purposes, and benefit us with oxygen

Describe 2 unique characteristics of a bacterial cell

1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicellular or colonies

Describe 2 characteristics of prokaryotes. Why are prokaryotes important?

1. Single-celled communities 2. Asexual 3. Bacteria and Archaea Decomposers and important for metabolic processes

Describe 4 characteristics prokaryotic cells share

1. Unicellular 2. Asexual 3. Have DNA 4. Bacteria or Archaea

Name three types of reproductive strategies and describe how they can be related to the environment

1. polygamous; a single male mates with multiple females 2. polyandrous; a female mates with multiple males 3. monogamous; pair of male and female bond and reproduce

Which of the following is a male reproductive structure found in plants?

Pollen cone

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?

The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mole spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen.

The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?

The presence of a light trapping pigment

Chemical cycling may involve which of the following?

a geological component, in which chemicals move through the soil or the air

A pond represents a(n) ______ while the minnow represents a(n) ______

ecosystem; population

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n)

hypha

Which type of succession would occur after a volcanic eruption?

primary

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring; but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects

were originally one species but are now two species.

List and define the 4 species concepts of classifying living organisms into groups

1. Biological - gene history, reproductive isolated 2. Morphological - based on appearance 3. Phylogenetic - use of evolutionary family tree 4. Evolutionary - fossil records

What are the three domains and two distinguishing characteristics of each?

1. Domain bacteria a. asexual reproduction b. unicellular 2. Domain archaea a. asexual reproduction b. unicellular 3. Domain Eukarya a. asexual & sexual reproduction b. multicellular & cellular

Describe 2 characteristics of fungi. Why are fungi important?

1. Eukaryotic 2. Multicellular Influence well-being of human populations on a large scale because they are part of the nutrient cycle in ecosystem

List and briefly describe the three groups of archaea covered in class

1. Halophiles - salt loving, require high salt concentration , 12-15% much saltier saltier than oceans, found in the Great Lakes 2. Thermoacidophiles - warm water, acidic pH, hot thermal vents, found in hot springs 3. Methanogens - live under anaerobic environments (swamps), produce methane

Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic

10%

Fossils of prokaryotic cells are dated as far back as approximately _____ billion years ago.

3.8

Which of the following statements describes a mycorrhizae?

A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between a fungi and the roots of most plants

Defined the bottleneck effect

A type of genetic drift in which the loss of genetic diversity is due to natural disasters, cease, overhunting, over-harvesting, or habitat loss.

Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida?

A-B all apply - They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria - They include multicellular and unicellular organism

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time?

All of the above are correct - Natural selection - Genetic drift - New mutations - Natural selection and genetic drift but not new mutations

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time?

All of the above are correct. - Natural selection - Genetic drift - New mutations - Sexual selection

As plants invaded the land, there was

All of the answer choices are correct - greater availability of light for photosynthesis - greater concentrations of carbon dioxide - increased threat of desiccation of unprotected cells

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs?

All of the answers are true. - Autoploidy is occurring. - An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs. - A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur.

Variation within a population are maintained by

All of the choices are correct - Mutation - Genetic recombination due to fertilization - Gene flow

Which of the following reflect(s) the likely presence of (a) gene mutation(s)?

All of the choices are correct. - Fruit flies are subjected to intense radiation produce a wider array of variable offspring. - A chemical leaking from the surface of an old abandoned coal mine alters a regulatory gene so that a cricket nymph develops an extra set of eyes. - The bacteria that cases gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted disease, have previously been killed by penicillin; however, after continuous usage of the antibiotic, penicillin-resistant strains are now become prevalent. - Radiation causes na alteration in a DNA nucleotide sequence, which is discovered when mapped, but which appears to be neither increasing nor decreasing in successive generations.

Which of the following factor(s) limit(s) exponential growth of a population?

All of these choices limit exponential growth - Limited resource availability - Increases in predator populations - Competition between members - Competition with other species

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to adaptive radiation in a species?

An isolated patch of rainforest in the country of Belize is cut down. This changes the abiotic conditions that the birds living in this habitat will be facing if they are to survive.

All of the following characteristics are among adaptations of plants to life on land EXCEPT

Answer: Waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out Characteristics of adaptation of plants to life on land: - Protection of the embryo from drying out - Waxy cuticle on leaves to prevent drying out - Vascular system in most plants to move water out internally

Prokaryotes are now divided into the

Archaea and Bacteria

The organism pictured here is a member of the Phylum

Ascomycota

What is the correct sequence of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection?

Attachment, viral DNA penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release