Biology Mid-Term Exam Review

eukaryotic

A cell with a well-defined nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane is a(n) ________________ cell.

c. glucose

A compound that is stored as glycogen in animals and as starch in plants is: a. alcohol b. cellulose c. glucose d. phosphate

neutral

A solution of a pH above 7 is:

carbon

All organic compounds contain:

a. hydronium ions than hydroxide ions

An acid is a solution with more: a. hydronium ions than hydroxide ions b. hydroxide ions than hydronium ions c. sodium ions than hydroxide ions d. hydroxide ions than sodium ions

b. ammonia

An example of a base is: a. pure water b. ammonia c. vinegar d. urine

c. allows ions to move across the cell membrane so that the ions do not come in contact with the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer

An ion channel is a transport protein that: a. moves substances against a concentration gradient b. pumps ions only out of a cell c. allows ions to move across the cell membrane so that the ions do not come in contact with the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer d. has pores that are always open

increases

As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area-to-volume ratio:

b. inorganic

Carbon atoms can bond together to form all the following EXCEPT: a. ring b. inorganic c. straight chain d. branched chain

d. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion is the movement of a substance: a. through only a lipid bilayer b. from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration c. only in liquids d. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

b. the complete breakdown of glucose yields ATP molecules

During cellular respiration: a. the complete breakdown of glucose yields only carbon dioxide and water b. the complete breakdown of glucose yields ATP molecules c. NADPH is produced d. carbon dioxide is required

a. linking to the substrate and weakening bonds within the substrate

Enzymes lower activation energy by: a. linking to the substrate and weakening bonds within the substrate b. becoming chemically changed and reacting with the substrate c. changing the temperature and pH of the substrate's enviornment d. linking to the substrate permanently, creating a very large molecule

c. reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions

Enzymes: a. are usually carbohydrates b. can only catalyze a reaction once c. reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions d. eliminate the activation energy of chemical reactions

a. in the cytosol

Glycolysis takes place: a. in the cytosol b. in the mitochondria c. only if oxygen is present d. only if oxygen is absent

keeping things the same

Homeostasis means:

c. dead plant cells

Hooke's discovery of cells was made observing: a. living algal cells b. living human blood cells c. dead plant cells d. dead protist cells

b. is in equilibrium

If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space, the substance: a. has a large concentration gradient b. is in equilibrium c. will undergo diffusion d. will undergo osmosis

carrier proteins

In facilitated diffusion, _____________ ______________ move substances down their concentration gradient.

d. passageways

In the cell membrane, ion channels serve as: a. food molecules b. cell identifiers c. information receivers d. passageways

a. mitochondrion

In which of the following organelles is a cell's ATP produced? a. mitochondrion b. endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi apparatus g. lysosome

pigments; thylakoids

Light-absorbing ________________ are located in the membranes of _______________.

organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction

List the six characteristics of life.

b. membrane-bound organelles

Only eukaryotic cells have: a. DNA b. membrane-bound organelles c. ribosomes d. cytoplasm

domains

Organisms have been classified into three major subdivisions called:

passive transport

Osmosis and diffusion are both examples of _________________ ______________.

Proton

Proton/Neutron/Electron: The atomic number indicates how many of these an atom contains.

Protons and Neutrons

Proton/Neutron/Electron: These are located in the nucleus of an atom.

Proton

Proton/Neutron/Electron: These have a positive electrical charge.

Electron

Proton/Neutron/Electron: These high-energy particles have little mass.

Neutron

Proton/Neutron/Electron: These lack an electrical charge.

c. prokaryote

Studying a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, you find that the cell has no nucleus and no mitochondria, but it does have a plasma membrane and a cell wall. You conclude that the cell is probably from a(n): a. animal b. plant c. prokaryote d. extinct organism

c. in either light or dark

The Calvin cycle can occur: a. only in the light b. only in the dark c. in either light or dark d. only in the presence of oxygen

c. carbon fixation

The Calvin cycle is a common method of which of the following: a. respiration b. fermentation c. carbon fixation d. electron transport

c. solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution

The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of: a. acid dissolved in a fixed base b. solvent dissolved in a fixed solution c. solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution d. solvent dissolved in a fixed amount of the amount of the solute

b. osmosis

The diffusion of water through a membrane is called: a. exocytosis b. osmosis c. active transport d. endocytosis

a. exocytosis

The flow of materials to the outside of a cell by discharging them from vesicles is called: a. exocytosis b. endocytosis c. osmosis d. diffusion

surface area

The maximum size to which a cell may grow is limited mainly by the cell's:

b. mitochondria

The nucleus of a cell contains all of the following EXCEPT: a. chromosomes b. mitochondria c. DNA d. RNA

c. chloroplasts

The organelles in plant cells that contain a green pigment are the: a. mitochondria b. bilayer lipids c. chloroplasts d. Golgi apparatus

cytoskeleton

The system of microscopic protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell is called the _______________.

c. the Krebs cycle

To maximize ATP production, glycolysis must be followed by: a. fermentation b. the Calvin cycle c. the Krebs cycle d. photosynthesis

d. cellulose and glycogen

Two polysaccharides that store glucose are: a. starch and waxes b. starch and glycogen c. sucrose and cellulose d. cellulose and glycogen

active transport

Using energy to transport molecules through a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration is called _________ ____________.

b. NADH, ATP, and pyruvic acid

What are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? a. only ATP b. NADH, ATP, and pyruvic acid c. only pyruvic acid d. none of the above

b. active transport

When a cell uses energy to transport a particle through the cell membrane to an area of higher concentration, the cell is using: a. diffusion b. active transport c. osmosis d. facilitated diffusion

equilibrium

When the concentration of dissolved particles is the same throughout a solution, the system is said to be in ___________________.

b. H+ ions and OH- ions

When water dissociates, it forms, a. H+ ions and H2O b. H+ ions and OH- ions c. H+ ions and H3O+ ions d. OH+ ions and H3O- ions

The energy used in the Calvin cycle comes from ATP and NADPH, which are produced in the first stage of photosynthesis (light reactions).

Where does the energy used in the Calvin cycle come from?

d. all of the above

Which of the following are components of the plasma membrane that have a significant role in its functioning? a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. all of the above

a. monosaccharide, glycogen, cellulose

Which of the following groups of terms is associated with carbohydrates? a. monosaccharide, glycogen, cellulose b. monosaccharide, cellulose, lipid c. disaccahride, polysaccharide, steroid d. polysaccharide, amino acid, collagen

d. central vacuole

Which of the following helps plant cells remain rigid? a. plasma membrane b. nucleus c. chloroplast d. central vacuole

c. specific shape or structure

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of life? a. growth and development b. responsiveness c. specific shape or structure d. reproduction

b. All cells contain the same organelles.

Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory? a. All living things are made of one or more cells. b. All cells contain the same organelles. c. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. d. All cells arise from existing cells.

c. a bacterium

Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? a. an ameoba b. a virus c. a bacterium d. a liver cell

c. the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Which of the following is an example of osmosis? a. the movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration b. the movement of ions from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration c. the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration d. the movement of water molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration

b. Eukaryotes contain mitochondria.

Which of the following is one difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes. b. Eukaryotes contain mitochondria. c. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes. d. Prokaryotes have a nuclear envelope.

a. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following is the correct order of structures in living things, from the simplest to the most complex? a. cells, tissues, organs, organ systems b. cells, organs, tissues, organ systems c. cells, organs, organ systems, tissues d. organ systems, organs, tissues, cells

It operates in the absence of O2.

Why is the fermentation pathways referred to as "anaerobic" pathways?

d. occur too slowly to support life processes

Without enzymes, the chemical reactions in your body would: a. happen too fast b. occur at much the same rate as they do with enzymes c. require a different pH d. occur too slowly to support life processes

Phospholipid

_______________ molecules have "heads" and "tails" and are found in the plasma membrane.

CAM pathway

adaptation to hot, dry climate

multicellular

an organism made of many cells

unicellular

an organism made up of only one cell

hydrophilic

attracted to water molecules

hydrolysis

breaks large molecules into smaller ones

hypertonic solution

causes a cell to shrivel

b. nucleus : nuclear envelope

cell : plasma membrane :: a. nucleus : chromosomes b. nucleus : nuclear envelope c. chromosome : DNA d. cell : DNA

ATP

compound found in living things that supplies the energy in once of its chemical bonds directly to cells

DNA

contains genetic information

phospholipids

double layer that makes up cell membrane

electron transport chain

electrons are transferred from molecule to molecule

light reactions

first stage of photosynthesis

tissue

groups of cells that have similar abilities

cytoplasm

interior of a cell

hypotonic solution

may cause a cell to burst

ATP

molecule that stores and releases energy

isotonic solution

no net movement of water

Krebs cycle

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

chlorophyll a

pigment directly involved in light reactions

Golgi apparatus

processes and packages substances produced by the cell

ATP

produced by cellular respiration

aerobic respiration

produces up to 38 ATP

cilia

short, hairlike organelles that can move and may cover a unicellular organism or line the respiratory tract

stroma

site of Calvin cycle

thylakoids

site of light reactions

sun

source of energy for living systems

nucleus

stores DNA and synthesizes RNA

RNA

stores and transfers information from DNA

fatty acid

subunit of most lipids

amino acid

subunit of protein

cell

the basic unit of life

hydrolysis

the breakdown of polymers into monomers

Golgi apparatus

the packing and distribution center of the cell

natural selection

the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

water

the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis

biology

the study of life

hydrophobic

the unbranched carbon molecules chain that does not interact with water molecules

mitochondrion

transfers energy to ATP

autotrophs

use energy from light or inorganic substances to make organic compounds

organic compounds

used by organisms to store chemical energy