Biology Midterm 2

Energy from food molecules is obtained inside the __________ a. cells b. small intenstine c. large instestine d. stomach

cells

____________ is a catabolic pathway. a. photosynthesis b. building cellulose from glucose monomers. c. protein synthesis from amino acids. d. cellular respiration

cellular respiration

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. a. food; light; nuclear b. food; light; chemical c. light; food; kinetic d. chemical; food; light

chemical; food; light

___________________ is the hydrolysis of food in your digestive organs. i.e. mouth, stomach, and intestines. a. consumption b. absorption c. digestion d. carnivory

digestion

_________Obtain energy from dead plants and animals. a. producers b.primary consumers c. carnivores d. decomposers

Decomposers

During redox reactions, a. protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule. b. the loss of electrons from one molecule is called reduction. c. hydrogen atoms are added to ATP molecules. d. electrons are lost from one substance and added to anther substance.

Electrons are lost from one substance and added to anther substance.

Plant cells can perform photosynthesis but not cellular respiration. a. true b. false

FALSE

Which of the following molecules are products of photosynthesis? a. glucose and o2 b. o2 and Co2 c. Co2 and chlorophyll d. Glucose and Co2

Glucose and o2

In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________. a. electrons: grana; H+ b. H+; grana; electrons c. H+ ; stroma; H+ d. H+ ; stroma ; ATP

H+ ; stroma ; H+

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from a. ATP b. Co2 c. NADPH d. H2o

H2o

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? a. cellular respiration b. light c. ATP d. NADPH

Light

Carbon fixation ________________ a. occurs during the light reactions. b. provides the cell with a supply of NADPH molecules. c. occurs when carbon atoms from Co2 are incorporated into an organic d. supplies the cell with ATP

Occurs when carbon atoms from Co2 are incorporated into an organic molecule.

ATP and NADPH a. power sugar synthesis during the calvin cycle b. provide energy to photosystem 1 and photosystem 11. c. are used in the elctron transport chain to pump H+ into the thylakoid space. d. are products of the calvin cycle

Power sugar synthesis during the calvin cycle.

Food provides a. materials that never enter your cells. b. energy for cell activities only. c. Raw materials for biosynthesis only. d. raw materials for biosynthesis ( making biological molecules) and energy for cell activities.

Raw materials for biosynthesis ( making biological molecules) and energy for cell activites.

If all of the energy in a glucose molecule is used to make ATP during cellular respiration, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced from one glucose molecule? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 12

6

The process of cellular respiration transfers the energy in food molecules to ____________. a. carbon dixoide. b. glucose c. oxygen d. ATP

ATP

Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? a. ATP, NADPH, o2 b. ADP, NADP+, O2 c. glucose, ADP, NADP+ d. glucose, ADP, NADP+, Co2

ATP, NADPH, o2

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize.Where does the oxygen come from? a. splitting water molecules b. ATP synthesis c. the electron transport chain d. chlorophyll

a. splitting water molecules

Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation? a. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound b. the use of RUBISCO to form 3-PGA c. the production of carbohydrate molecules fromG3P d. the formation of RuBP from G3P molecules e. the use of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2

a. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? a. lactic acid fermentation b. alcoholic fermentation c. aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

Metabolic pathways that build polymers from monomers are _________________. a. exergonic reactions b. anabolic pathways c. hydrolytic reactions d. catabolic pathways

anabolic pathways

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms? a autotrophs b. chemotrophs c. heterotrophs

autotrophs

Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect? a. red and blue b. green c. red d. blue

b. green

To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through ________ time(s). a. eight b. four c. two d. six

six

Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation? Heating up dinner in a microwave Solar panels at work Formation of static electricity None of the above

none of the above

Exergonic chemical reactions ______________. a. release energy. b. are not part of biology c. build molecules d. absorb energy

release energy

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via a. thylakoids b. stomata c. stroma d grana

stomata

Yeast can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidattive phosphorylation; they are a. strict aerobes. b. facultative anerobes. c. facultative aerobes. d. strict anaerobes.

facultative anaerobes.

Bacterial productions of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with increasing levels of tryptophan and increases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of a. noncompetitive inhibition b. competitive inhibition c. irreversible inhibition d. feedback inhibition

feedback inhibition

An electron transport chain of the light reactions __________________. a. is found on the plasma membrane of mesophyll cells. b. is located in the stroma. c. shuttles electrons from photosystem 11 to photosystem 1. d. does not exist- it is only in mitochondria.

shuttles electrons from photosystem 11 to photosytem 1

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles? a. lactic acid fermentation b. alcohol fermentation c. mixed acid fermentation d. propionic fermentation

a. lactic acid fermentation

Plant cells never produce carbon dioxide a. True b. False

FALSE

In most green plants chloroplasts are a. evenly distributed throughout the leaf tissue. B. evenly distrubted throughout the entire plant. c. concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll. d. concentrated ina portion of the leaf called the stroma

concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.

Cell metabolism refers to ______________. a. building molecules but not breaking them. b. the collection of chemical reactions that occur in a cell. c. Cellular respiration, specifically. d. How quickly one loses weight.

The collection of chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? a. The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ to be used for glycolysis. b. A buildup of pyruvate in the surrounding environment would be too toxic. c. The conversion yields 1 NADH per pyruvate molecule. d. The conversion yields 32 ATP per pyruvate molecule.

The conversion is needed to regenerate the NAD+ to be used for glycolysis.

Which of the following is the best summary of the process of photosynthesis? a Plants make sugars by breaking down other organic molecules and using those components to make sugars. b. The majority of the mass of plant made sugars come from water and nutrients from the soil. c. Plants turn sunlight into sugars. d. The majority of the mass of plant- made sugars comes from the atmosphere.

The majority of the mass of plant-made sugars comes from the atmosphere.

The active site of an enzyme is a. the region of a substrate that is changed by an enzyme. b. the highly changeable portion of an enzyme that adapts to fit the substrate of various reactions. c. the region of a product that detaches from the enzyme d. the region of an enzyme in which a substrate fits.

The region of an enzyme in which a substrate fits.

. Which of the following is not true about enzymes? a.They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze. b.They are usually made of amino acids. c.They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. d.Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.

They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Rotenone binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because a. they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. b. they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated. c. They will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration. d. high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies.

They will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

NADH pills can be purchased over the counter and are often taken by sufferers of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). How might these pills benefit a CFS patient? a. They would decrease the rate of glycolysis b. They would decrease the rate of alcoholic fermentation. c. They would increase energy by creating more FADH2. d. They would increase the number of electrons provided to the electron transport chain.

They would increase the number of electrons provided to the electron transport chain.

Which is an example of potential energy? a. a piece of toasted bread. b. a car driving down the road. c. a cell membrane actively transporting a molecule against the concentration gradient. d. vibrating molecules.

a piece of toasted bread

The energy currency used by cells is _____. a. ATP b. ADP c. AMP d. adenosine

a. ATP

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? a.ADP b. G3P c. RuBP d. 3-PGA

b. G3P

What do the electrons added to NAD+do? a. They become part of a fermentation pathway. b. They go to another pathway for ATP production. c. They energize the entry of the acetyl group intothe citric acid cycle. d. They are converted into NADP

b. They go to another pathway for ATP production.

Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? a. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. b. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes. c. The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. d. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll.

b. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolytic pathway as a starting point? a. glucose b. acetyl, CoA c. pyruvate d. carbon dioxide

b. acetyl CoA

What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis? a. split a water molecule b. energize an electron c. produce ATP d. synthesize glucose

b. energize an electron

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis? a. ATP b. glucose c. chlorophyll d. water

c. chlorophyll

From where does a heterotroph directly obtain itsenergy? a. the sun b. the sun and eating other organisms c. eating other organisms d. simple chemicals in the environment

c. eating other organisms

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule .a. ATP : glucose b. an anabolic molecule : catabolic molecule c. glucose : ATP d. a catabolic molecule : anabolic molecule

c. glucose : ATP

What two products result from photosynthesis? a. water and carbon dioxide b. water and oxygen c. glucose and oxygen d. glucose and carbon dioxide

c. glucose and oxygen

______________ create energy-rich molecules from carbon dioxide and water. a. secondary consumers b. decomposers c. producers d. primary consumers

c. producers

Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place? a. thylakoid membrane b. thylakoid space c. stroma d. granum

c. stroma

Beta oxidation is ________. a. the breakdown of sugars b. the assembly of sugars c. the breakdown of fatty acids d. the removal of amino groups from amino acids

c. the breakdown of fatty acids

Chemiosmosis involves a. the movement of electrons across the cell membrane b. the movement of hydrogen atoms across a mitochondrial membrane c. the movement of hydrogen ions across amitochondrial membrane d. the movement of glucose through the cell membrane

c. the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

Many of the regions of the world where hunger is prevalent are also regions with hot and dry climates. What types of agricultural crops would you suggest that these regions attempt to grow? a. c3 plants and c4 plants, such as corn and sugarcane b. c3 plants, such as wheat and rice c. c4 plants and CAM plants d. c3 plants and CAM plants, such as prickly pear and pineapple

c4 plants and CAM plants

The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is splitinto two molecules of _________. a. ATP b. phosphate c. NADH d. pyruvate

d. pyruvate

The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ______ spectrum. a. visible b. ultraviolet c. energy d. electromagnetic

electromagnetic

The energy of light from the sun is ____________. a. thermodynamic energy b. glowing energy c. glucose d. electromagnetic energy

electromagnetic energy

A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child's temperature. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action? a. elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. this will interfere with the ability of enzymes to catalyze vital chemical reactions. b. elevated body temperatures cause molecules to vibrate more quickly and prevent enzymes from easily attaching to reactants. This would slow vital body reactions. C. elevated body temperature will increase reaction rates in the child's cells and overload the limited number of enzymes found in the cell. D. elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interefere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

Wood frogs freeze solid during the winter and then thaw in the spring. As the freezing progresses, blood circulation stops. How would you expect cells not being served by the circulatory system to produce ATP during this time, and what by-product would you expect to build up in the cells? a. aerobic respiration and Co2 b. photosynthesis and 02. c. fermentation and alcohol. d. fermentation and lactate

fermentation and lactate

Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy. a. sunlight b. water c. minerals d. food

food

Which of the following is part of the light reaction? a. carbon dioxide b. reduction of carbon c. regeneration of NADP+ d. formation of waste products in the form of o2.

formation of waste products in the form of o2.

Which statements is true about pyruvate? Pyruvate _______________ a. is a six- carbon molecule. b. forms at the end of glycolysis. c. is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle. d. is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation.

forms at the end of glycolysis.

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation? a. oxidative phosphorylation b. glycolysis c. the citric acid cycle d. electron transport chain

glycolysis

During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? a. the citric acid cycle only. b. glycolysis only c. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle d. oxidative phosphorylation only

glycolysis and the citric acid cyle

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called a. cristae b. grana c vacuoles. d. stomata

grana

Which is the following wavelengths of light would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by chlorphyll a? a. red b. blue c. yellow d. green

green

Which of the following colors contributes the LEAST energy to photosynthesis? a. green b. orange c. red d. blue

green

Plant cells _____________ a. have mitochondria and chloroplasts. b. lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. c. have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. d. lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts.

have mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? a. in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, whereas in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide. b. Photosynthesis involves only reductions, whereas respiration involves only oxidation's. c. photosynthesis involves only oxidations, whereas respiration involves only reductions.

in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, whereas in respiration, sguar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.

when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction a. it lowers the activation energy of the reaction b. it acts as a reactant. c. it raises the activation energy of the reaction d. it is used once and discarded.

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

You are on a weightloss diet and lose 20 pounds. How did it leave your body? a. it magically disappeared. b. it was exhaled as carbon dioxide. c. it was excreted as feces it was excreted as urine

it was exhaled as carbon dioxide

An electron transport chain of the light reactions ________________. a. maintains a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. b. sends electrons to the mitochondria. c. uses electrons from organic molecules. d. is not necessary for making sugars.

maintains a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

A particular set or series of chemical reactions that occur in cells is a/an _____________. a. digestive event b. collective reaction c. metabolic pathway d. absorptive event

metabolic pathway

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that the a. mixture needs more oxygen because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol. b. Mixture needs less oxygen because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. c. yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source

mixture needs less oxygen because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that the a. muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise. b. muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvate. c. muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise. d. muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function

muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.

Which of the following statements regarding the movement of electrons during cellular respiration is true? a. the oxygen that you breath is eventually exhaled as carbon dioxide. b. 02 is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water. c. Electrons tend to move away from o2. d. o2 is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water

o2 is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceceptor that attracts the electrons is ______________. a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. water d. atp

oxygen

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called a. Ionization b. Phosphorylation c. carboxylation d. hydrogenation.

phoshorlaytion

In chloroplasts, ATP synthase a. phosphorylates ADP to ATP. b. helps produce the concentration gradient of H+ c. is found in the stroma. d. catalyzes the calvin cycle

phoshphorylates ADP to ATP.

A unit of light energy is called a a. photon. b. phaser. c. quantum. d. pigment

photon

___________obtain energy and nutrients from eating a. Primary consumers b. secondary consumers c. decomposers d. producers

primary consumers

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cyle a. glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate. b. pryvate is oxidized. c. a carbon atom is added to pruvate to make a four-carbon compound. d. coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate.

pyruvate is oxidized.

In autumn, some of the leaves of some trees turn red or orange or yellow because ____________. a. the chlorphyll has been reabsorbed and you can see the carotenoids. b. the carotenoids have been reabsorbed and you can see the chlorophyll. c the chlorophyll has changed colors. d. a new pigment is being produced that was not present during the summer.

the chlorphyll has been reabsorbed and you can see the carotenoids.

Photophsophorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that a. generation of ATP is driven by a flow of protons (H+) through ATP synthase. b. energy is stored in the form of a proton (H+) concentration difference. c. it involves an electron transport chain. d. the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.

the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen

Why does vinegar prevent food from rotting? a. the vinegar is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial and fungal enzymes. b. The low pH denatures the enzymes of bacteria and fungi. c. The low pH causes the bacterial and fungal enzyme activity to speed up d. the vinegar tastes bad to the bacteria and fungi.

the low pH denatures the enzymes of bacteria and fungi.

You cannot charge a phone from thermal energy, this is an example of _____________. a. endergonic chemical reactions b. the second law of thermodynamics c. anablolic metabolic pathways d. the first law of thermodynamics

the second law of thermodynamics

the energy in coal ultimately came from ____________. a. bacteria b. hydrothermal vents c. electricity d. the sun

the sun

Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph? a. mushrooms growing on the side of a dead tree. b. bacteria in our mouths c. grizzly bears in alaska d. trees in a forest

trees in a forest