Biology Midterm Questions
912.N.3.4
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SC.912.L.14.2
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The diagram below shows a cellular process that occurs in organisms. What is the name of this process? A. meiosis B. mitosis C. endocytosis D. phagocytosis
A
Fats, oils and cholesterol are all types of what? A. cell membranes B. hormones C. lipids D. fatty acids
C
A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which of the following has occurred? A. The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution. B. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums. C. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient. D. The water in the gums has moved out due to the high concentration of salt in the solution.
D
Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compounds in which structure? A. Nucleus B. Cell membrane C. Vacuole D. Chloroplast
D
912.L.16.14
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912.L.16.16
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912.L.16.4
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912.L.16.5
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912.L.16.8
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912.L.18.11
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912.N.1.4
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912.N.1.6
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A diagram of a cellular process is shown below. Which of the following identifies the process shown at point Z? A. Translation B. Translocation C. Replication D. Transcription
A
As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloride acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine? A. It becomes inactive. B. It begins to replicate. C. It's shape changes to engulf large proteins. D. It's activity increases to digest more proteins.
A
At what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur and why? A. before a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions B. before a cell divides, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells C. during cell division, to ensure that the DNA will fit into the resulting cells D. after a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions
A
How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other? A. sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent B. asexual reproduction requires two parents and sexual reproduction requires only one parent C. mutation rates are lower in sexual reproduction than in asexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction occurs only in multicellular organisms
A
One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
A
The enzyme lactase will break down the sugar lactose into which of the following components? A. monosaccharides B. nucleic acids C. amino acids D. phospholipids
A
The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements? A. Enzymes function best at a specific temperature. B. The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia. C. The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme action. D. There is no connection between the two statements.
A
The sequence of DNA below is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? 5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3' A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 20
A
What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction? A. The reaction rate will increase. B. The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained. C. The reaction rate will decrease. D. The reaction will stop.
A
Which cell structure is correctly paired with its primary function? A. ribosome - protein synthesis B. mitochondrion - movement C. vacuole - cell division D. nucleus - storage of nutrients
A
A scientist wants to change the DNA of a sexually reproducing organism and have the new DNA present in every cell of the organism. In order to do this after fertilization, she would change the DNA in which of the following? A. zygote B. placenta C. testes of the father D. ovaries of the mother
A (the zygote is the first single cell of an organism. the DNA that is present in the zygote will be replicated each time the cell goes through mitosis.)
A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed only one the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate? A. The amino acid phenylalanine is composed of uracil. B. UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. C. Protein synthesis malfunctions in test tubes. D. Most proteins contain only one type of amino acid.
B
Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes. Often, this requires moving the molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. How do these molecules get into the cell? A. passive transport by diffusion B. active transport using ATP C. passive transport by osmosis D. phagocytosis
B
Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Which of the following describes the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman whose father is a hemophiliac? A. Each of their sons will have hemophilia. B. None of their daughters will have hemophilia. C. Their sons have a 25% chance of having hemophilia. D. There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia.
B
Hitchhiker's thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? A. 0% Hh: 100% hh B. 50% Hh: 50% hh C. 75% Hh: 25% hh D. 100% Hh: 0% hh
B
Segment 1: TAGGC and ATCCG Segment 2: GGTGA and CCACT Segment 3: GATTA and CCAAT Segment 4: CAATG and GTTAC There is an error in the DNA in which molecule? A. segment 1 only B. segment 3 only C. segment 2 and 3 D. segment 2 and 4
B
The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called A. perforated B. semi-permeable C. non-conductive D. permeable
B
The diagram below shows the general structure of an amino acid. Which type of molecule is formed from amino acids? A. lipids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids
B
The table lists the trials for fruit color where allele R exhibits incomplete dominance over allele R'. Heterozygous fruit have orange phenotypes. What percent of offspring are expected to have an orange phenotype if the parent plants are orange (RR') and yellow (R'R')? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
B
Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water. What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent? A. purity B. polarity and cohesion C. high heat capacity D. expansion upon freezing
B
Which choice describes DNA after replication has taken place? A. one molecule with two original strands and one molecule with two new strands B. two molecules, each with one original and one new strand C. two molecules, each with two new strands D. two molecules, each with two old strands
B
Which of the following best describes meiosis? A. It is carried out in all tissues that require cell replacement. B. It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of organisms. C. It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal cord. D. It is the first stage of mitosis.
B
Which of the following phases of mitosis is represented by the diagram below? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase
B
Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation? A. the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA C. the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus D. the release of messenger RNA from DNA
B
Which organelle is the site where amino acids are synthesized into proteins? A. Mitochondrion B. Ribosome C. Cell membrane D. Nucleus
B
Why does ice stay at the top of oceans instead of sinking to the bottom? A. Ice is colder than liquid water. B. Ice is less dense than liquid water. C. Ice is more dense than liquid water. D. Ice is warmer than liquid water.
B
A human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother. In which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? A. The baby inherits the dominant allele from his father. B. The allele is on an autosomal chromosome and the baby is a twin. C. The allele is on the X chromosome. D. The allele is on the Y chromosome.
C
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound? A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. proteins
C
Alleles for the A and B blood cell antigens are codominant. The condition where no antigens are present on the blood cells (type O blood) is a recessive trait. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood? A. one parent with type AB blood, and the other parent with type A blood B. one parent with type AB blood and the other parent with type O blood C. one parent with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type O blood D. one parent with homozygous type A blood, and the other parent with homozygous type B blood
C
Carmen conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affect a person's pulse. Her hypothesis was that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. Each person's pulse was taken before the music and then after each 30-second interval of music. The pulses were taken again after the music selections were completed. Based on her experiment, Carmen concluded that a person's pulse rate changed when the person listened to different types of music. Which component is missing from Carmen's experiment? A. a question B. a hypothesis C. a control group D. a description of the experiment
C
During transcription the DNA base sequence is transcribed into a complimentary mRNA sequence. A codon table like the one shown below lists the amino acids coded for by particular triads of mRNA bases. A segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which one nucleotide has been changed. The original sequence was ACG and the new sequence is ACA. Use the codon table to determine whether or not this mutation will cause a change in the phenotype of the organism. A. yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because a new amino acid will be coded for. B. yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because any change in the DNA sequence will cause a change in phenotype. C. Even though the DNA sequence changed, the sequence still codes for the same amino acid, so no change in phenotype will occur. D. It is impossible to determine if a change in phenotype will occur using only the DNA sequence.
C
Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, do not quickly fluctuate in temperature. What is the reason for this phenomenon? A. Water is an acid. B. Water is a versatile solvent. C. Water has a high heat capacity. D. Water acts as a buffer.
C
Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by which observation? A. Haploid cells are produced by mitosis. B. Diploid cells are produced by mitosis. C. Haploid cells are produced by meiosis. D. Diploid cells are produced by meiosis.
C
Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following describes and event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis? A. two stages of cell division B. replication of cellular genetic material C. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell D. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell
C
RNA and DNA are which type of macromolecules? A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein
C
The diagram below shows two strawberry plants. Plant 2 is produced asexually from Plant 1. If the leaf cells of Plant 1 have 56 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in the leaf cells of Plant 2? A. 14 B. 28 C. 56 D. 112
C
Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enables it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants? A. Water expands as it freezes. B. Water is an excellent solvent. C. Water exhibits cohesive behavior. D. Water is able to moderate temperature.
C
Which of the following carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. nRNA
C
Which of the following phrases best describes cancer? A. absence of cyclins in the DNA B. miltiple gene mutations on a chromosome of DNA C. uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations in genes that control the cell cycle D. presence of genetic defects caused by hereditary disorders
C
Which type of reproduction leads to increased genetic variation on a population? A. Parthenogenesis B. asexual reproduction C. Sexual reproduction D. Vegetative reproduction
C
Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein? A. DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same. B. Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells. C. The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria. D. Bacterial cells and human cells contain the same kind of chromosomes.
C
You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the compound? A. lipid B. protein C. carbohydrate D. nucleic acid
C
In living cells, enzymes act as catalysts, which may reduce the amount of activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. In the graphs below, pathway x is a solid line representing the uncatalyzed reaction. The dotted line shows the catalyzed reaction. Which graph best illustrates the changes in a reaction when the catalyst reduces the amount of energy required?
D
The diagram below shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated? A. mutation in which the DNA content of the gene is altered B. segregation of sister chromatids C. condensation and segregation of alleles D. crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged
D
There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. lysosome B. mitochondrion C. nucleus D. ribosome
D
This diagram shows a pedigree for a recessive genetic disorder. What is the genotype of individual 6? A. XHXH B. XHXh C. XHY D. XhY
D
What is surrounded by a rigid coat of cellulose, has a well-defined nuclear membrane, DNA, mitochondria, and chloroplasts? A. an animal cell B. a prokaryotic cell C. a virus D. a plant cell
D
Which row in the chart below indicates the correct process for each event indicated? Row 1: formation of egg=mitosis, formation of sperm=mitosis, growth of embryo=meiosis Row 2: formation of egg=mitosis, formation of sperm=meiosis, growth of embryo=mitosis Row 3: formation of egg=meiosis, formation of sperm=mitosis, growth of embryo=meiosis Row 4: formation of egg=meiosis, formation of sperm=meiosis, growth of embryo=mitosis A. row 1 B. row 2 C. row 3 D. row 4
D
Which type(s) of cells have genetic material that is contained in a nucleus? A. bacteria B. only animal cells C. protists D. both plant and animal cells
D
This diagram shows a diploid cell with two pairs of homologous chromosomes. (long T, short t, short S, short s) Due to independent assortment, what is the possible genetic make-up of gametes produced by this organism? A. SsTt B. Ss, Tt C. S, s, T, t D. ST, St, sT, st
D (gametes are haploid and contain only half of the number of chromosomes of the parent cells- one of each chromosome type)
Which characteristic do most plants have in common? A. they are unicellular B. they are prokaryotic C. they produce seeds D. they are autotrophic
D (produce their own food using photosynthesis)
