Biology module 2 study guide

Which hypothetical hormone promotes flowering but has never been successfully isolated?

Florigen

After light triggers the activation proton pumps, what happens next in the leaf?

Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of guard cells

Which statement with regard to pore spaces is false?

Immediately after a heavy rain, most pore spaces remain filled with air

Which of the following contains dissolved sugars?

Phloem

Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of removing the apical meristem from a plant?

Some axillary buds grow into branches

The environmental factor that triggers shade avoidance is that plants perceive changes in the ratio of ___ to ___ light that result from the presence of nearby plants.

red; far-red

In angiosperms, the sporophyte generation

results from the fertilization of two gametes

Some ____ produce greatly thickened ends called tubers.

rhizomes

The site of gravity reception in roots is the

root cap.

Guttation results from:

root pressure

Growth that results in an increase in the girth of a plant is referred to as:

secondary growth.

Sapwood develops from:

secondary xylem.

Secondary xylem contains all of the following cell types except:

sieve tube elements

Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:

sieve tube elements

What are the conducting elements in phloem?

sieve tube elements

Aboveground shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are called

suckers

Using severed aphid mouthparts, scientists have verified that, in most species, the phloem can translocate ____, _____, and _______.

sucrose; raffinose, sorbitol

When a plant responds to external stimuli, such as light, gravity, or touch by directional growth, these responses are referred to as

tropisms

A growth ring is composed of xylem.

true

A long day plant will flower when exposed to short nights.

true

An adventitious root is one that occurs in an unusual location.

true

An alternate leaf arrangement is one in which there is one leaf per node.

true

Auxin produced by the apical meristem inhibits the germination of lateral buds.

true

Cryptochrome absorbs blue light.

true

Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruits.

true

Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to prostaglandins.

true

Most transpiration occurs through stomata.

true

Nicotine can be found in nectaries.

true

One reason that water is able to form unbroken columns is because water molecules are cohesive.

true

Sapwood is functional secondary xylem.

true

Some trichomes function as protective stinging needles.

true

Stomata close as a result of water moving into guard cells.

true

Sucrose is translocated from source to sink.

true

The secondary plant cell walls contain large amounts of lignin, which is a polymer of amino acids.

true

The symplast is the continuum of living cytoplasm.

true

Water flowing inward through the endodermis moves next into the pericycle.

true

When the generative cell divides, the daughter cells are sperm cells.

true

Insectivorous plants:

use modified leaves to trap their prey

insectivorous plants:

use modified leaves to trap their prey.

Roots of many plants in arid regions store ______:

water

The water balance problem of plants living in salty soil is the result of:

water moving out of plant roots by osmosis

Before being loaded into the phloem for translocation, the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis must be converted into which molecule?

Sucrose

In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:

wood

The arrangement of the different cell types in secondary ______ produces the distinctive wood characteristics of each species.

xylem

Plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?

Wind

A seedling growing toward a light source is an example of

a positive phototropic response

The large intercellular spaces, common features of the root cortex, provide:

aeration and a pathway for water uptake

Opening and closing of the stomata:

are under hormonal control

The herbicides (weed killers) 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are examples of synthetic

auxins

The most abundant polymer in the world is:

cellulose

The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of

coevolution

Water, wind, and ice are agents of:

erosion

Unripe green fruits ripen quickly in supermarkets or commercial storage facilities after exposure to

ethylene

Plants connected by mycorrhizal fungi:

exchange organic materials in both directions.

Biologists believe that a flower-producing substance called ____ is produced in the leaves and transported to the phloem.

florigen

Hardwood is the wood of _____ and softwood is the wood of ____.

flowering plants; conifers

The absorption of water by a dry seed is known as

imbibition

Most flowers are pollinated by which method?

insects

Prop roots are more common in:

monocots

Eudicot leaves typically have:

netted venation

The ____ is involved in forming the lateral meristems that produce secondary growth in woody roots.

pericycle

In eudicot roots, the last mode of water and mineral transport occurs from the ____ to ______.

pericycle; xylem

Lenticels function to:

permit gas exchange through periderm

The photoreceptor that absorbs blue light and triggers a phototropic response is

phototropin

Unlike eudicot roots, the center of most monocot roots is occupied by the:

pith

Plants that are adapted to growing in flooded soils that are depleted of oxygen have:

pneumatophores

An example of a short-day plant is

poinsettia

The driving force for the movement of water in plants is difference in water _______.

potential

Monocot leaves typically have:

parallel venation

In the accompanying figure, the palisade mesophyll is labeled with the number:

1

In the accompanying figure, the formation of pollen would occur in the structure labeled as ____.

1

In the accompanying figure, the structure responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support is labeled as:

3

Which of the following consists of the interconnected porous cell walls of a plant along which water and mineral ions move freely?

Apoplast

Tracheids and vessel elements both undergo which of the following?

Apoptosis

Which change is most important in stomatal closing?

Declining sucrose concentrations

Minerals move into endodermal cells via:

active transport

Which hormone promotes stem elongation and was first discovered while studying the growth of extremely tall and spindly rice plants?

Gibberellin

____ the synthesis of α-amylase is an enzyme that digests starch in the endosperm.

Gibberellin

Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis?

Ground tissue system

Which of the following are the only plant epidermal cells that are photosynthetic?

Guard cells

Which structure or structures function to open and close the stomata?

Guard cells

Biologists estimate that about 70% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by these organisms.

Insects

Which statement about cryptochrome is false?

It absorbs green light

Which of the following statements about a root cap is false?

It absorbs nutrients

Which statement about the megasporocyte is true?

It is a diploid cell located within an ovule

Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?

It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.

Which statement concerning the auxin F-box protein is false?

It is located in the nucleus

Which of the following statements about the pericycle is false?

Its cells lose their ability to divide upon maturation

Which of the following have tendrils that are specialized stems (NOT specialized leaves)?

Ivy

Which of the following are areas extending along the entire length of the stems and roots except at the tips?

Lateral meristems

The photosynthetic ground tissue of the leaf is termed which of the following?

Mesophyll

Which pair demonstrates a mutualistic relationship?

Mychorrhizae and roots

Which of the following is an example of a modified underground bud with fleshy leaves for storage?

Onion

Which element is correctly matched with its major function in plants?

Potassium—opens and closes stomata

Which of the following is the first part of the seedling to come out during germination?

Radicle

Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?

Root hair → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem

Which of the following is often dead at maturity?

Sclerenchyma tissue

Vascular cambium gives rise to which of the following tissues?

Secondary xylem

What type of floral attraction would work best on the pollinator in the accompanying figure?

Sweet nectar

Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrient minerals in which direction?

Upward

Secondary growth occurs as a result of the activity of which two lateral meristems?

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

Based on the data in the accompanying figure, the condition that results in root development is

a high ratio of auxin to cytokinin.

Modified leaves that protect meristematic tissue at the tips of woody plants are known as:

bud scales

The most abundant organisms in soil are:

bacteria

A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle is referred to as a(n):

biennial

An example of a long-day plant is

black-eyed Susan

All the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the

calyx

The order of whorls from the flower's center to the periphery is

carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals

The growth process that allows cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions is:

cell differentiation

If a plant were placed in continual darkness, it would continue to open and close its stomata at approximately the same time each day. This phenomenon is governed by:

circadian rhythms.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the fruits listed is botanically classified as a berry?

d

Trichomes on plants are responsible for:

deterring herbivores.

A cross section of a monocot leaf typically shows veins in both cross-section and lengthwise section.

false

A rhizome is a horizontal aboveground stem.

false

A spine is a modified branch.

false

An example of a micronutrient is phosphorus.

false

Apomixis refers to a type of sexual reproduction.

false

During embryonic development, the proembryo develops from the basal cell.

false

Imbibition is the process by which a seed takes in oxygen from the environment.

false

In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a circle.

false

In a plant, most water is transported vertically by being pushed to the top.

false

In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg, and the other sperm fuses with the two antipodal nuclei.

false

Leaf abscission is initiated and orchestrated by the hormone abscisic acid.

false

Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.

false

Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body.

false

Springwood has narrower conducting cells and many fibers.

false

Sugars are loaded into sieve tubes via simple diffusion.

false

The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.

false

The male gametophyte is also called an embryo sac.

false

The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.

false

The removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water is called illuviation.

false

The root cortex is composed mostly of collenchyma cells.

false

The site of gravity perception in roots is the root apical meristem.

false

The twining of tendrils around a support is an example of thigmomorphogenesis.

false

Water is transported vertically through the plant via the process of translocation.

false

When cytokinins are sprayed on leaves of a cut stem, the leaves become, or remain, yellow.

false

When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside.

false

The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is

germination in a eudicot.

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:

ground tissue system.

Usually the only epidermal cells with chloroplasts are:

guard cells

The release of liquid water by leaves when soil moisture is high is known as:

guttation

In Figure 37-4, which of the fruits listed is formed by the fusion of ovaries from many flowers?

h

Mature vessel elements:

have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally

An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:

lack a primary root.

The stem apical meristem gives rise to:

leaf primordia

The spines of a cactus are actually modified:

leaves

Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant caused by ____.

light

Excess transpiration:

may be harmful to a plant.

Leaf abscission:

occurs as a response to dry conditions in tropical climates

The seedling's radicle is the origin of roots in a(n) _____ system.

taproot