Biology

How many rounds of DNA Replication were needed to disprove the Conservative method?

1

How many replication forks are contained in each replication bubble?

2

How many subunits make up the ribosome complex?

2

How much of the human genome contains 'protein-coding' DNA?

2%

What is a basal level of transcription?

A basic or low level of transcription

A nucleic acid monomer is called:

A nucleotide

A phosphodiester bond links:

A sugar and a phosphate group

Which of the following is NOT true?

All eukaryotic promoters contain a TATA box

What kind of organism was used to investigate the method of DNA Replication?

Bacteria

Why do we call DNA an antiparallel molecule?

Because the 3' and 5' ends of each strand run in opposite directions.

In which method of DNA Replication would all parent DNA be conserved in the original molecule?

Conservative

Which of the following are pyrimidines that can be found in RNA?

Cytosine and uracil

Which is the enzyme that attaches daughter nucleotides to the parent strand during DNA replication?

DNA Polymerase

What is the cellular process in which a new copy of DNA is created?

DNA Replication

The enzyme responsible for unwinding the double helix is

DNA helicase.

Which enzyme is responsible for binding Okazaki fragments together?

DNA ligase

Which enzyme is responsible for laying down the daughter nucleotides during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Which of the following is the breakdown of protein secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure?

Denaturation

Which of the following forms the backbone of a DNA molecule?

Deoxyribose and a phosphate group

In which method of DNA Replication would new DNA consist of alternating parent and daughter DNA?

Dispersive

Which organism was studied extensively in the discovery of gene regulation?

E. coli

In which step does the polypeptide continue to grow as amino acids are added to the chain?

Elongation

Which of the following bases are categorized as purines?

Guanine and adenine

What type of bond holds DNA strands together?

Hydrogen

What links together the nitrogenous bases in the center of the DNA molecule?

Hydrogen bonds

Which of the following are reasons why RNA is generally less stable than DNA? I. Fewer hydrogen bonds II. Prevalence of proteins that can degrade RNA III. Fewer -OH groups in the sugar

I and II

Which of the following are ways in which RNA is different than DNA: I. Single-stranded II. Ribose III. Number of nitrogenous bases

I and II

The following concepts led to the hypothesis that DNA has a double helix structure: I. The ratio of A:T is 1:1. II. Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. III. DNA strands are antiparallel

I and III

Which of the following is a primary function of a nucleic acid? I. Structural support II. Storage of information III. Energy storage

II

In which phase of transcription does the RNA polymerase attach to the promoter sequence of DNA?

Initiation

In which step do the tRNA and mRNA first join up in the ribosome?

Initiation

What is the effect of DNA Methylation on gene expression?

It inhibits gene expression.

Why can't DNA polymerase work continuously on both parent strands?

It only works in the 3' to 5' direction.

Which of the following scientists are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

Who performed the experiment that proved semi-conservative DNA replication was correct?

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

Why does N-15 DNA sink to a lower level than N-14 in a centrifuge tube?

N-15 DNA has a higher density than N-14 DNA.

How is the N-15 isotope different from the N-14 atom?

N-15 has one extra neutron.

What are the small components (monomers) that make up the large DNA polymer?

Nucleotides

On the lagging strand, one RNA primer is required for the beginning of every...

Okazaki fragment.

Which of the following can be found in a DNA molecule?

Phosphate, Sugar

Which is the enzyme that builds the RNA primer?

RNA Primase

Which of the following is the enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides to build the antisense strand?

RNA polymerase

In which step does the ribosome reach a stop codon and end the process of translation?

Termination

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the antiparallel nature of DNA?

The 5' end of one DNA strand bonds with the 3' end of a second strand.

What happens to the RNA primer once DNA replication is begun by DNA polymerase?

The primer is removed.

Which word part is used to designate that a molecule is an enzyme?

The suffix '-ase'

What happens to the replication bubbles in order to complete replication?

They grow and merge together.

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

To assemble daughter nucleotides on the parent strand.

What is the purpose of the RNA primer?

To initiate the process of DNA replication.

What is the anticodon for the codon AAG?

UUC

Before an mRNA molecule is finished with RNA processing, it is called

a precursor, or pre-mRNA

Which type of codon signals the termination of polypeptide synthesis?

a stop codon

Which of the following are involved in the 3-D structure of proteins? hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonding covalent bonds

all of these

The ability of codons to match with the appropriate amino acids is called

codon recognition

Because there are more codons than available amino acids, we say that the genetic code is...

degenerate

Which part of a gene actually codes for proteins?

exons

What is the term for a distinct section of DNA that codes for one protein?

gene

The 5' cap is made of which single nucleotide?

guanine

When a silenced or repressed gene is passed on to your offspring due to DNA methylation, this is known as

imprinting

Where in the cell does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

Which of the following is NOT a segment of DNA?

inducer

Which of the following describes an increase in gene expression?

induction

Which parts of a gene were originally thought of as 'junk DNA'?

introns

The lac operon codes for the enzyme that help digest the sugar...

lactose

What makes the lac repressor fall off the lac operator?

lactose, the inducer

The letters used in the codon chart are reflections of which type of code?

mRNA

Which two types of nucleic acids move into the ribosome during translation?

mRNA and tRNA

What does the 'm' stand for in 'mRNA'?

messenger

How many amino acids are specified by each different codon?

only 1

Which of the following describes a group of related genes in a prokaryote's DNA?

operon

The location where the process of DNA replication begins is called the

origin of replication.

What is another term for a chain of amino acids?

polypeptide

Which structure represents only the order of amino acids in a protein?

primary

Operons are only found in what kind of cell?

prokaryotic

Which type of cell does NOT contain a nucleus?

prokaryotic cell

Which of the following terms encompasses all the cellular activities involved in building protein molecules?

protein synthesis

Which of the following secondary structures is not held together by hydrogen bonds? beta sheet alpha helix super helix random coil

random coil

When DNA helicase separates the two parental strands, it creates a Y-shape called a

replication fork.

The tiny organelle on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is called the

ribosome

Which is the organelle that helps with the assembly of polypeptides?

ribosome

Because hydrogen bonds are weak bonds, they create a perfect site for...

separating nucleic acid strands.

Which structures assist with RNA splicing?

spliceosomes

Which part of the lac operon codes for the lactose-digesting enzymes?

structural genes

Which of the following is the molecule that acts as an interpreter between the language of mRNA and the language of amino acids?

tRNA

Which type of RNA molecule contains an anticodon?

tRNA

Which of the following is a framework to describe the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?

the central dogma

Which of the parent DNA strands is replicated discontinuously?

the lagging strand

Which is the strand that replicates just as quickly as the replication fork opens up?

the leading strand

Which is the strand that serves as the template for transcription?

the sense strand

The repressor blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, making _ impossible.

transcription

Which of the following is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA?

transcription

What the 't' stand for in tRNA?

transfer

Which of the following is the process of decoding RNA as instructions for building an amino acid chain?

translation

True or false: the tertiary structure of a protein could be the same as its quaternary structure.

true

true or false? Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine.

true

true or false? Hydrogen bonds can form between bases in a single RNA molecule.

true

The Dispersive method of DNA Replication was disproved when the scientists observed...

two separate bands of DNA of different densities.

Because the same codons specify the same amino acids in nearly all organisms, we say that the genetic code is...

universal

Our ability to manufacture human insulin through bacteria is due in part to the fact that the genetic code is...

universal

What type of molecule is released during the formation of a peptide bond?

water