Biology quizzes Review

Summarize the main importance of the light reactions

Set plants up for the Calvin cycle

The light reactions take place in the ______,while the Calvin Cycle reactions take place in the _____ .

The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane while the Calvin Cycle reactions take place in the stroma .

True or False. Typically the two daughter cells produced by mitosis are genetically the same.

True

At enzyme saturation how can reaction speed be increased?

add more enzymes

ATP structure

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

Which of the following organisms are photoautotrophs? A. Algae B. Green plants C. Cyanobacteria D. Fungi E. Jellyfish

algae , green plants, cyanobacteria

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm/cytosol

The energy to synthesize ATP comes from chemical reactions that are

exergonic

the diagram above shows a pathway where the end product of shuts down the pathway by binding to the allosteric ("other") site on the first enzyme participating in the pathway.

feedback inhibition

The reactants of glycolysis are

glucose, ADP, NAD+, also requires ATP

What would cause an oxygen deficit in an organism?

heavy used of a particular muscle sets.

what could alter an enzymes structure? how would this impact function?

if we has extremes of temperature or pHs. IF we change the proteins structure then the active site would no longer be able to bind the substrates, thus the enzyme function would suffer.

the image below represents an endergonic reaction

image G>0

Where is the ETC located?

inner mitochondrial membrane

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Location

mitochondrial matrix

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

mitochondrial matrix

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

location of pyruvate oxidation

mitochondrial matrix

When an atom or molecule gains an electron (or in biology a hydrogen atom with an electron), it is said to have been

reduced

Where do the light dependent reactions occur? Thylakoid membrane or Stroma

thylakoid membrane

Is anaerobic respiration the same as fermentation? Explain.

No fermentation makes 2 ATP and anaerobic respiration uses a different final receptor

Does fermentation require oxygen?

No, it is anaerobic

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No, it is anaerobic

Prometaphase

Nuclear envelope is completely fragmented and the spindle fibers can now invade the nuclear area & interact with sister chromatids

OIL RIG

Oxidation is loss of electrons Reduction is gain of electrons

Which step of Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP?

Oxidative Phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

Correct this misconception: In photosynthesis plants convert CO2 to oxygen

Oxygen come form the sliming of water in the light reaction and carbon dioxide come from the Calvin cycle. Oxygen doesn't come from the carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is used to create carbohydrate in the Calvin cycle

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Which two reactions in cellular respiration occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Which step of Cellular Respiration produces the most carbon dioxide?

citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule going through pyruvate oxidation?

0

4 phases of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis. 2. Pyruvate Oxidation (preparatory reaction). 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle). 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation(electron transport chain)

How many ATP are produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?

2

What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule going through the citric acid cycle?

2

The products of glycolysis are

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

reactants of citric acid cycle

2 Acetyl CoA and 6 NAD and 2FAD

Products of Lactation

2 Acetyl-CoA and 2 CO2 and 2 NADH

Reactants of lactation

2 pyruvate and 2 NAD

Was the karyotype on the previous slide taken from a diploid or haploid cell?

2 set of chromosomes and are copies, diploid cell.

products of citric acid cycle

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

example of kinetic energy

A ball rolling down a hill

In the equation: 4NADH + O2->4NAD + 4H2O•What is oxidized?......•What is reduced?....

NADH is oxidized to NAD. Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water.

what is the name of the 3 carbon molecules at the end of glycolysis?

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA(C2H4O4) + 1FAD + 3NAD ->2CO2 + 1FADH + 3NADH•What is oxidized?•What is reduced?.....

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide. FAD is reduced to FADH and NAD is reduced to NADH

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

In a disorder called pyruvate dehydrogenase complex disease (PDCD) the enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA is inhibited. Which of the following would you expect to happen? A: Pyruvate levels would ↑; acetyl CoA and lactate levels would ↓ B: Pyruvate and lactate levels would ↑; acetyl CoA levels would ↓ C: Pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and lactate levels would ↑. D: Pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and lactate levels would all ↓.

B: Pyruvate and lactate levels would ↑; acetyl CoA levels would ↓

Photosynthesis takes place throughout the leaf and is the most common type of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide fixation and the Calvin cycle take place in the same cell at the same time. Wheat plants, oak trees, and spinach fall into this category.

C3

The processes of carbon dioxide fixation and the Calvin cycle are partitioned in time. Carbon fixation occurs in the spongy mesophyll cells, whereas the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheath cells. Corn and crabgrass fall into this category.

C4

Named for the plant family in which it is found (Crassulaceae). Succulents and pineapples are in this category. Stomata open at night. The processes of carbon dioxide fixation and the Calvin cycle are separated in time.

CAM

How do autotrophs get carbohydrates?

Can produce their own carbohydrate

Prophase

Chromatids condense into highly compact structures that are readily visible by light microscopy

What are 3 other terms that can be used to describe a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Condensation reaction. Dehydration reaction. anabolic reaction. endergonic reaction

___is the division of the cytoplasm and produces two daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis are one way to produce ATP. What is the other type of phosphorylation?

Direct phosphorylation or substrate level of phosphorylation.

Which step of cellular respiration produces water?

Electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation

The equation below represents the energy of a given system. Which variable in the equation represents the free energy (that is, useable energy or the energy available to do work)? H = G + TS

G

If you measured the amount of DNA in cells you would find that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled between__?

G1 and G2 phases of interphase

Glucose (C6H12O6) + 2NAD ->2 pyruvic acid (C3H5O3) + 2NADH•What is oxidized?•What is reduced?

Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid. NAD is reduced to NADH

Which of the following is NOT a chemical product of the light reactions

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)

How do heterotrophs get carbohydrates?

Ingest them or absorbe them

What is the point of cellular respiration?

To make ATP from glucose

What is the role of ATP synthase?

It allows the hydrogen to pass through the thylakoid membrane and adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP!

What if the cell lacks oxygen?

It still needs ATP to stay alive

what would happen if an enzyme was missing?

It would slow down the metabolic pathway or make it impossible to succeed.

LEO GER

Loss of electrons is oxidation, gain of electrons is reduction.

A(n) _____ pathway is a sequence or series of linked chemical reactions carried out in a cell in order to breakdown or synthesize molecules.

Metabolic

____is the division of the genetic material in the nucleus and produces two daughter nuclei

Mitosis

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

Chloroplast structure includes

Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum Stroma, the internal fluid

What is one pigment that absorbs light energy?

chlorophyll a or b

What happens with pyruvate?

depends on the presence of O2. O2 available-oxidation of pyruvate-Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle) - ETC (oxidation phosphorylation.) Continues aerobic cellular respiration. Aero=air. O2 not available-switch to fermentation. Unless capable of anaerobic cellular respiration

Give an example of a Heterotroph

dogs, humans, fungi

ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to drive cellular processes that are

endergonic

Metaphase

pair of sister chromatids line up across the center of the cell

Give an example of an autotroph

plant and algae

Summarize the main point of the Calvin cycle

produces the carbohydrate; glucose

In Humans, what type of cell only needs half the genetic information of a "normal" cell?

sperm and eggs in humans are haploid.

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

stroma of the chloroplast

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

coupled reactions

the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction