Biology Regents- 100 important things to know

heterotrophs

(consumers) must eat something for food

autotrophs

(producers) make their own food by photosynthesis

mitochondria

(the POWERHOUSE of the cell where energy is made) the site of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells

ribosome

(very small and is often represented by a dot) located on the ER or in cytoplasm; where proteins are made (protein synthesis)

gametes each have 23 chromosomes their zygote has

46

DNA bases are

A, T, G, C; A paired with T, G paired with C

RNA bases are

A, U, G, C; no T in RNA

toxic wastes

DDT

protein synthesis

DNA is stuck in the nucleus, so it sends a messenger single-stranded mRNA to the ribosome where the ribosome reads the message and directs the tRNA to bring it amino acids, the ribosome then assembles the amino acids together in the correct order TO MAKE A PROTEIN

nervous system

FAST control of the functioning of all body systems; parts of the system includes brain, spinal cord, nerve cells; organelles with the same function are nucleus

nitrogen cycle

N2, nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, animals, waste

endocrine system

SLOW control of the functioning of all body systems; parts of the system includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; organelles with the same function are nucleus

addition

a base is added

deletion

a base is left out

surface receptor protein

a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader; antigens are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs)

biosphere

all of earth's ecosystems

population

all the organisms of a species that live in the same area

global warming

an increase in the earth's temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gases

gene expression

an organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed

adaptive value

any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions

diseases

are caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, and fungus)

biotic factors

are living parts of an ecosystem (ex: plants, animals)

gametes

are sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a ZYGOTE

antibodies

are special proteins produced by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your body's army to fight diseases; they have specific shapes that fit over specific antigens; when they fit into the antigen (receptor on the pathogen) it blocks communication preventing the germ from reproducing and making you sick

skin and circulatory system

are the body's primary defense against disease-causing pathogens; (immunity) via white blood cells

ovaries

are the female gonads that produce the egg and important female hormones

limiting factors

are the living and non living things in the environment that limit the size of populations (ex: food, shelter, sun, space, oxygen, etc.)

oviducts/fallopian tubes

are the place where fertilization occurs

gonads

are the sex glands (ovaries and testis)

organelles

are the small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function)

dichotomous keys

are tools to help in the classification of organisms

mitotic division

asexual reproduction; ONE cell division 1->2; parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells; genetic makeup identical to parent 2n- diploid #; function: to produce identical cells used for growth and repair

inversion

bases are switched

decomposers

break organisms down and return nutrients to the soil; they are recyclers in the ecosystem

digestive system

breaks down food into nutrients and puts them in the blood stream; parts of the system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum; organelles with the same function are vacuole and lysosome

air pollution

burning fossil fuels

recycle

can be used to make the product again (like pop bottles)

omnivores

can eat plants and animals (all humans!)

carnivores

can only eat animals

herbivores

can only eat plants

failure to maintain homeostasis

can result in sickness or death

material cycles

carbon/oxygen cycle, water cycle, nitrogen cycle

circulatory system

carries gasses and nutrients throughout the body; parts of the system includes heart, arteries, veins, capillaries; organelles with the same function are cytoplasm, ER or golgi

order of living things

cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->organism

control

chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (HORMONES) and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells

ancestry

cladograms or family tree

indicators for pH, glucose, starch

color or state change indicating the presence of a particular substance

negative feedback

controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis

diaphragm

controls the amount of light used

reduce

cut down on the amount used (smaller packaging)

ways that man has affected biodiversity

cutting down trees (for wood); planting all of the same crop in an area (loss of biodiversity); removed vegetation for houses, parking lots, roads, etc.; killed organisms and destroyed the food web (because all organisms are linked to one another in one way or another)

on y-axis of graph

dependent variable

habitat destruction

destroying a part of the natural environment

variation

differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms)

human activities that lead to the loss of diversity

direct harvesting, land use, habitat destruction, deforestation, imported species

scavengers

eat dead organisms that they did NOT kill themselves

water cycle

evaporation, condensation, precipitation

respiratory system

exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen; parts of the system includes lungs, alveoli, diaphragm; organelles with the same function are cell membrane

parts of the microscope

eyepiece, objective lens, fine adjustment know, course adjustment knob, stage, stage clips, diaphragm

land use

finding the best way to live in the environment- building around trees instead of cutting them down and planting new ones

water pollution

from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and animal wastes

heredity information DNA is organized in the form of

genes located in the Nucleus of each cell

formula for cellular respiration

glucose+oxygen----enzymes---->carbon dioxide+water+ENERGY (ATP)

thermal pollution

heat pollution

stage clips

hold the slide in place

ozone depletion

hole in ozone layer caused by use of fluorocarbons; **ozone acts as a sun block for all organisms on the earth!; UV causes skin cancer

asexual reproduction

identical cells; one parents; little genetic variation; MITOSIS

clones

identical genetic copies

how to calculate total magnification

if a microscope has 10x eyepiece, and 10x and 40x objectives; total magnification on low power: 10 x 10 = 100x (it looks 100 times bigger than real life); total magnification on high power: 10 x 40 = 400x (it looks 400 times bigger than real life)

industrialization

increases pollution of air and water- uses more energy, water, fossil, and nuclear fuels

on x-axis of graph

independent variable

impact of technology and industrialization

industrialization, water pollution, toxic wastes, thermal pollution, human overpopulation, air pollution

imported species

invasive species or exotic species

transport

involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism

DNA

is a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual

zygote

is a fertilized egg

species

is a group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction

pollution

is a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, or soil

paper chromatography

is a laboratory technique that is used to separate different molecules from one another (separation of compounds in a solution by size and color)

biodiversity

is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem; the more species present in an ecosystem the higher the biodiversity

selective breeding

is a process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring

RNA

is a single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA

niche

is a species' role in it's environment (it's JOB and what it EATS)

dynamic equilibrium

is a steady state-balance- : HOMEOSTASIS

genetic engineering

is a technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms

karyotype

is a visual map of chromosomes; can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems (like Down's syndrome- 3 copies of chromosome #21)

restriction enzyme

is an enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in Gel-electrophoresis

mutation

is any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene

greenhouse effect

is caused by increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by the increasing use of fossil fuels for energy

vaccination

is composed of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen

gene splicing

is cutting DNA and placing it into another organism

independent variable

is one thing that "I change" to test my hypothesis

immunity

is our body's ability to fight disease; once you have been exposed to a specific virus white blood cells remember the antigens and produce antibodies that prevent you from getting sick from the same virus for the second time

homeostasis

is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment

nucleotide

is the basic unit of DNA which is made of a phosphate, a sugar, and a base

nucleus

is the control center of the cell and contains DNA (the program or code of life)

extinction

is the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing environment; occurs when the environment changes and the species cannot adapt

experimental group

is the group that is identical to the control group with the ONE CHANGE or difference (the independent variable)

control group

is the group that is studied under the NORMAL conditions

cytoplasm

is the liquid media that fills the cell

testis

is the male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones like testosterone

carrying capacity

is the maximum population (number of organisms of any species) that an ecosystem can support

passive transport or diffusion

is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (NO ENERGY USED)

active transport

is the moving a molecule from LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration (USES ENERGY in the form of ATP)

placenta

is the organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical chord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes wastes through the process of diffusion; mother and baby's blood does not mix!

heredity

is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction

evolution

is the process by which organisms have changed over time from simple, single-celled: complex-single-celled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms

differentiation

is the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cels with different structures and functions; tissues are specialized groups of cells

competition

is the struggle for resources among organisms

ecology

is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things

dependent variable

is the thing that changes because of the independent variable (DATA collected)

mitosis

is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

fertilization

is when a male and female gamete unite

uterus

is where the baby develops

DNA fingerprint from gel electrophoresis

just like a bar code the more common the bars, the more common heritage or ancestry

predators

kill and eat other organisms called prey

parasites

live off of another organism (host) and do not kill them usually

proteins

made up of amino acids (20 kinds); found in meat, egg whites, beans

lipids

made up of fatty acid and glycerin; found in animal fats, nuts, oils

carbohydrates (starch)

made up of glucose (simple sugars); found in grains, vegetables, fruit

nucleic acid

made up of nucleotide; found in small amounts in all foods

three types of RNA

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

two types of cell division

mitosis and meiosis

overproduction

more offspring are produced than can survive

natural selection

nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment

abiotic factors

non-living parts of the environment (ex: rocks, air, pH, sunlight)

sexual reproduction

not identical cells; 2 parents; much genetic variation; meiosis and fertilization

cellular respiration

occurs in the mitochondria of ALL ORGANISMS both plants and animals

meiosis

occurs only in the male and female gonads and solely produces gametes

cancer

occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division; cancer can be caused either by heredity or environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, or virus

substitution

one base is put in the place of another

chloroplasts

only in plant cells, where the process of photosynthesis occurs

carbon/oxygen cycle

photosynthesis/respiration

ecological succession in a pond

pond (plants and organisms die over time)->sediment builds->pond gets shallow->swamp develops->grassy field->forest

how to stain on a slide without lifting the cover slip

put a drop of the stain onto the edge of the cover slip; place a paper towel on the edge of the other slide of the cover slip, the paper towel will pull the water from under the cover slip. and in turn pull the stain onto the cells

how to make a wet mount slide

put cells on the center of a slide, put drop of water with dropper onto the cells (do not touch the cells); lower a cover slip slowly at an angle (to reduce the number of air bubbles)

excretory system

removes wastes from the blood and then from the body; parts of the system includes kidneys, bladder, urethra; organelles with the same function are cell membrane or vacuole

deforestation

removing forests for wood or clearing trees for farms

amniocentesis

removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their DNA

how to make an experiment more valid

repeat experiment; increase number of specimens or trials; peer review

renewable resources

resources that can replenish themselves if not abused (planting of trees)

nonrenewable resources

resources that take a long time to replace or form (like coal or oil)

ecological succession becoming a forest

rock->liches/moss->grasses->shrubs->small trees->hardwood trees

consumers

same as heterotrophs

cell membrane

separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment; controls the transport of the materials into and out of the cell (selective permeability); cellular communication: recognizes and responds to the chemical signals by using receptor molecules

gel electrophoresis

separation of DNA using electrical current by size

meiotic division

sexual reproduction; TWO cell divisions 1->4; parent cell divides twice to produce either 4 sperm cells or (female) 3 polar bodies + 1 egg (ovum); genetic makeup 1/2 of the parent cell 1n- haploid #; function: to produce sex cells with 1/2 of the species chromosome number

enzyme reaction rates are affected by

shape- "lock and key model" if it is the wrong shape it will not work; temperature- each enzyme works best at a specific temperature; pH- each enzyme works best at a specific pH

organic molecules contain

skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen

enzymes

special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions; enzymes are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis

vacuoles

store waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

acid rain

sulfur and nitrogen compounds in air pollution dissolve in the moisture of the atmosphere to form acids, causing rain to have a LOW pH (acidic); acid rain kills trees and destroys historical artifacts

formula for photosynthesis

sun's energy+carbon dioxide+water------enzymes------->glucose+water+oxygen

direct harvesting

the destruction or loss of a species by over hunting

competition

the fight for limited resources

objective lens

the magnifying part closest to the slide (high power=usually 40x, low power=usually 10x)

when glucose (sugar) levels are above normal

the pancreas secretes INSULIN. insulin lowers the glucose level in blood.

eyepiece

the part that you look through (closest to the eye) usually 10x

photosynthesis

the process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar); process carried out by chloroplasts

as biodiversity increases

the stability of an ecosystem increases

metabolism

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism

labeling graph

title the graph (the affect of _____ on _____); label the x and y axis; determine proper scale for x and y axis; set up a key or legend if necessary

reuse

use it for another application (old tires as flower planters)

fine adjustment knob

used to focus on low and high power

course adjustment knob

used to focus on only low power

artificial insemination

using sperm from a donor

human female reproductive system

vagina, uterus, ovaries, placenta, oviducts/fallopian tubes

stage

where the slide is placed