biology semester 2 multiple choice

Urea is formed in the a. cells b. lungs c. kidneys d. liver

c. kidneys

Most of the enzymes and chemicals secreted by the upper end of the small intestine come from a. villi b. saliva c. the liver and pancreas d. the large intestine

c. the liver and pancreas

Refer to the illustration above. The cerebrum is labeled a. A c.C b. B d. D

a. A

Refer to the illustration above. The aorta is indicated by a. C c. G b. D d. H

a. C

Which of the following statements about the resting potential of a neuron is true a. There are many times more positive ions outside than inside b. Positive ions are in balance inside and the neuron c. There are fewer negative ions inside the neuron than outside d. There are equal amounts of positive and negative ions inside and outside the neuron

a. There are many times more positive ions outside than inside

An inappropriate immune system response against a nonpathogenic antigen is called a(n) a. autoimmune disease b. secondary immune reaction c. allergic reaction d. vaccination reaction

a. autoimmune disease

Hormones are a. chemicals that stimulate nerve cells during times of stress b. the same as electrical nerve impulses c. released into the bloodstream or the fluid around cells d. neurons along which messages travel

a. chemicals that stimulate nerve cells during times of stress

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated? a. cytotoxic T cells--attack and kill infected cells b. helper T cells--activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells c. B cells--engulf cells that are infected with microbes d. macrophages--consume pathogens and infected cells

a. cytotoxic T cells--attack and kill infected cells

HIV cause AIDS by attacking and destroying a. helper T cells b. B cells c. neutrophils d. antibodies

a. helper T cells

Low levels of thyroid hormones cause the disease known as a. hypothyroidism b. diabetes mellitus c. Graves' disease d. gigantism

a. hypothyroidism

Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure a. inhalation b. contraction c. exhalation d. None of the above

a. inhalation

The protein that causes nearby cells to produce an enzyme that prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA is called a. interferon b. complement c. mucus d. MAC

a. interferon

Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, blood in chamber A a. is full of oxygen b. is returning from the vena cavae c. is oxygen-poor d. has very little plasma

a. is full of oxygen

Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect a. motion of the head b. loudness c. light d. sounds

a. motion of the head

Pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach begin the digestion of a. protein c. fats b. starch d.carbohydrates

a. protein

The layer of photoreceptors and neurons at the back of the eye is called the a. retina b. cochlea c. iris d. optic nerve

a. retina

Refer to the illustration above. The chamber indicated by F is the a. right atrium c. right ventricle b. left atrium d. left ventricle

a. right atrium

Thyroid hormones a. stimulate cell metabolism and growth b. slow growth of their target cells c. stimulate synthesis of DNA d. bind to receptor molecules on the target cell's surface

a. stimulate cell metabolism and growth

The central nervous system consists of a. the brain and spinal cord b. spinal nerves only c. the spinal cord only d. the brain only

a. the brain and spinal cord

The body's normal metabolic rate is regulated by a. thyroid hormones b. epinephrine c. metaboloxin d. proclactin

a. thyroid hormones

Red blood cells a. transport respiratory gases b. combat bacterial infection c. destroy viruses d. transport cholesterol

a. transport respiratory gases

Ammonia is converted to urea because a. urea is lees toxic to the body b. urea can be converted to a nutrients c. the nitrogen wastes in the urea can be recycled and do not need to be excreted d. All of the above

a. urea is less toxic to the body

An artery a. usually carries oxygen-rich blood b. has thin, slightly elastic walls c. has valves that prevent blood from flowing backward d. All of the above

a. usually carries oxygen-rich blood

If a blood vessel has valves, it probably is a(n) a. vein c. venule b. artery d. capillary

a. vein

Infections generally result in an increase in the number of a. white blood cells b. red blood cells c. platelets d. alveoli

a. white blood cells

Refer to the illustration above. During which time period would the first antibodies to the pathogen be produced a. Period A b. Period B c. Period C d. None of the above

b. Period B

Cytotoxic T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses a. only after the infected cells have been ingested by macrophages b. because the infected cells have viral proteins on their surfaces c. when the infected cells have been coated with complement d. at the same time that nuetrophils release their toxins into damaged tissues

b. because the infected cells have viral proteins on their surfaces

Excessive amounts of vitamins such as vitamins A,D,E, and K a. lead to excellent health b. can be harmful c. present no problem since they are not stored in the body d. prevent beriberi

b. can be harmful

The pressure exerted on the inner walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats is the __________ pressure a. systolic b. diastolic c. barometric d. residual

b. diastolic

The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by a.secretion antibodies b. dilation (expansion) of local blood vessels c. complement activity d. natural killer cells destroying bacteria

b. dilation (expansion) of local blood vessels

When B cells encounter a pathogen, they a. secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates cytotoxic T cells b. divide and produced large amounts of antibody c. initiate an inflammatory response d. attack the cell by making a hole in its membrane

b. divide and produced large amounts of antibody

Moderate fevers (below 39 C or 103 F) a. damage essential proteins in your body b. inhibit the growth of pathogens and stimulate macrophage action c. occur late in the disease process after the pathogen is almost eliminated d. require emergency treatment

b. inhibit the growth of pathogens and stimulate macrophage action

Bile a. breaks down globules of proteins into tiny droplets b. is produced by the liver c. is produced by the gall bladder d. stored in the liver

b. is produced by the liver

Mucous membranes a. cover all the body's surfaces b. line internal body surfaces that are in contact with the environment c. produce antibodies to combat infection d. secrete sweat, which has antibacterial enzymes

b. line internal body surfaces that are in contact with the environment

The pharynx is a. located in the colon b. located in the back of the throat c. also called the voice box d. None of the above

b. located in the back of the throat

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the a. villus b.nephron c. ureter d. urethra

b. nephron

The first line of defense against infection includes a. mucous membranes b. neutrophils c. killer T cells d. antibodies

b. neutrophils

Chemoreceptors that detect odors are called _________ receptors a. auditory b. olfactory c. cone d. cochlea

b. olfactory

A disease-causing agent is called a(n) a. interferon b. pathogen c. infection d. fungi

b. pathogen

Vaccines are produced from killed or weakened a. phagocytes b. pathogens c. helper T cells d. B cells

b. pathogens

The heart chamber that receives blood from the venae cavae is the a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle

b. right atrium

Once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may a. stimulate cytotoxic T cells to attack viruses directly b. stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells c. repair macrophages d. cause fever

b. stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells

Refer to the illustration above. What is the name of structure 5? a.liver c. doudenum b. stomach d. ileum

b. stomach

All of the following possess mucous membranes except the a. digestive tract b. surface of the skin c. nasal passages d. vagina

b. surface of the skin

The force exerted against the arterial walls when the heart are called a. hypertension b. systolic pressure c. diastolic pressure d. arterial relaxation

b. systolic pressure

Urine leaves the body through the a. ureter b. urethra c. bladder d. intestine

b. urethra

Normal blood measure in millimeters of mercury is a. 145/95 c. 120/80 b. 130/100 d. 100/50

c. 120/80

In order for a hormone to work a. it must reach its target cell b. it must bind to a receptor protein c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of the above

c. Both (a) and (b)

John and James are identical twins. During the summer following their fifteenth birthday, they went on a vacation and stayed in a cabin wit two if their cousins. One of the cousins came down with the chicken pox in the middle of the vacation. Chicken pox is caused by a virus. Two weeks later, John came down with chicken pox. James, however, never developed any symtoms of the disease. Which of the following is the best explanation for the different responses John and James had to exposure to the same disease. a. John and James are not really identical twins. James inherited an immunity to chicken pox but John did not. b. Even though John and James are identical twins, they produce different kinds of immune system cells. James had killer T cells that could recognize and destroy chicken pox viruses, while John did not. c. James had been exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age and developed the disease. His body produced memory cells that protected him from further infections of the disease. John did not get exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age. d. James had a cold at the time he was exposed to the chicken pox virus. The cold virus stimulated his body to produces lots of B cells, which were then also able to recognize and bind to the chicken pox.

c. James had been exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age and developed the disease. His body produced memory cells that protected him from further infections of the disease. John did not get exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age.

Refer to the illustration above. Which time period would be characterized by the most rapid division of B cells? a. Period A b. Period B c. Period C d. None of the above

c. Period C

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called a. veins b. capillaries c. arteries d. venules

c. arteries

After the initial immune response subsides, B cells that continue to patrol body tissues a. are called helper T cells b. develop into phagocytes c. become memory cells d. cannot react to the original antigen

c. become memory cells

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of a. fat b. protein c. carbohydrates d. vitamins

c. carbohydrates

Refer to the illustration above. Structure B in the diagram is the a. spinal cord c. cerebellum b. brain stem d. cerebrum

c. cerebellum

The peripheral nervous system a. is not linked to the central nervous system b. provides pathways to and from the central nervous system c. consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord d. is composed of only motor neurons

c. consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord

The dome-shaped muscle below the chest cavity is called the a. soleus b. biceps c. diaphragm d. popliteus

c. diaphragm

When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax a. the chest cavity enlarges b. inhalation occurs c. exhalation occurs d. it is impossible to breathe

c. exhalation occurs

The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called a. plasma b. ferric oxide c. hemoglobin d. carbonic acid

c. hemoglobin

The kidneys play a major role in maintaining a. the proper breathing rate b. the proper glucose levels in the blood c. homeostasis by removing urea, water, and other wastes from the blood d. the concentration of digestive enzymes in the blood

c. homeostasis by removing urea, water, and other wastes from the blood

Excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland is the causes of the disease called a. hypothyroidism b. diabetes mellitus c. hyperthyroidism d. gigantism

c. hyperthyroidism

In a adults, hypothyroidism can cause a. nervousness b.weight loss c. increased blood sugar d. lack of energy

c. increased blood sugar

Nearly instantaneous responses to changes in the environment a. are impossible b. result from activation of the endocrine system c. involved the activity of the nervous system d. require messages from the pituitary gland

c. involved the activity of the nervous system

Blood entering the right atrium a. is full of oxygen b. is returning from the lungs c.is deoxygenated d. is low in plasma and platelets

c. is deoxygenated

Oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. left atrium d. right ventricle

c. left atrium

Bile, which emulsifies fat globules, is produced by the a. pancreas b. gallbladder c. liver d. duodenum

c. liver

Which of the following engulfs foreign cells a. helper T cell b. B cell c. macrophage d. antibody

c. macrophage

All of the following are white blood cells that are involved in immune responses ecept a. B cells b. T cells c. macrophages d. megakaryocytes

c. macrophages

Information is carried from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland by a. sensory neurons b. sensory receptors c. motor neurons d. None of the above

c. motor neurons

Refer to the illustration above. The vessels indicated by C carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are a. the pulmonary arteries c. parts of the aorta b.the pulmonary veins d. part of the atria

c. parts of the aorta

Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air a. esophagus b. trachea c. pharynx d. bronchioles

c. pharynx

A heart attack can result from the blockage of a blood vessel because of a. iron deposits. c. plaque buildup b. hypothyroidism. d. excessive hemoglobin.

c. plaque buildup

Neurotransmitters are a. electrical impulses b. found only in neurons with myelin sheaths c. released at synapses d. produced by muscles

c. released at synapses

A kidney dialysis machine a. reduces blood volume b. increases the volume of the blood c. removes wastes from the blood d.oxygenates the patient's blood

c. removes wastes from the blood

The heart and the blood vessels are separate organs that form the a. skeletal system b. cardiovascular system c. reproductive system d. digestive system

c. reproductive system

The stomach is involved in defense against infection by a. regurgitating any pathogen that might be swallowed b. secreting mucus that carried away by cilia c. secreting acid that destroys potential pathogens that are swallowed d. sending potential pathogens to the liver for destruction

c. secreting that destroy potential pathogens that are swallowed

Autoimmune disease occur when a. cells release antihistamine b. a person is infected with HIV c. the body manufactures "anti-self" antibodies d. a person receives a blood transfusion of the wrong type

c. the body manufactures "anti-self" antibodies

The ventricles are a. the upper chambers of the heart b. the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body c. the chambers of the heart that receive blood from the lungs and the rest of the body d. lower chambers of the heart that contract separately

c. the chambers of the heart the receive blood from the lungs and the rest of the body

Hormones are essential to maintaining homoestasis mainly because a. they catalyze specific chemical reactions in brain cells b. the body requires them for digesting food c. they cause specific responses in specific cells d. they act faster than nerve impulses

c. they cause specific responses in specific cells

Sensory neurons transmit messages a. from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland b. from the brain to the spinal cord c. to the spinal cord or brain d. All of the above

c. to the spinal cord or brain

Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled X is the a. epiglottis b. pharynx c. trachea d. larynx

c. trachea

Ways you can avoid becoming ill include a. staying at home and only interacting with your family b. taking lots of different medications before you get sick c. washing your hands often d. eating only vegetables

c. washing your hands often

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? a. lipids c. water b. proteins d. nucleic acids

c. water

A person infected with HIV may a. develop the disease called AIDS b. have viruses reproducing in helper T cells c. be more susceptible to a variety of pathogens d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A reflex a. is a sudden, involuntary movement of b. is not under conscious control c. is not learned.muscles in response to a stimulus d. All of the above

d. All of the above

An artery has a much thicker muscle layer than does a. a vein b. a capillary c. a venule d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Bone loss may be slowed by a. calcium b. regular exercise c. a balanced diet d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Excess calories and fat in the diet a. lead to obesity b. cause heart disease c. increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Gas exchange occurs when a. oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood in the capillaries b. oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the red blood cells c. the red blood cells give up oxygen to the cells of the body tissues d. All of the above

d. All of the above

HIV can be transmitted a. through sexual intercourse with an infected person b. by breastfeeding c. by sharing contaminated hypodermic needles and syringes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Secondary exposure to a pathogen a. results in very rapid production of antibodies b. stimulates memory cells to divide quickly c. may result in destruction of the pathogen before the person know he or she is infected d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The debilitating effects of AIDS are caused by the inability of the immune system to a. activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells b. produce antibodies against pathogens c. recognize and destroy infected cells d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The function of the digestive system is to a. chemically break down food b. mechanically break apart food c. absorb nutrient materials d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The human cardiovascular system a. helps maintain a constant body temperature b. carries cells that help protect the body form disease c. helps the body maintain homeostasis d. All of the above

d. All of the above

When a puncture wound becomes infected, a. damaged cells release chemicals that promote the immune response b. local blood vessels dilate c. white blood cells move into the injured area d. All of the above

d. All of the above

When the inflammatory response is triggered, a. damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals b. more fluid than normal leaks from capillaries alarm signals c. white blood cells attack invading pathogens d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a function of hormones? a. react to stimuli from outside the body b. coordinate the production and use of energy c. maintain nutrition and metabolism d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following statements describes the actions of HIV? a. HIV attacks and cripples the immune system b.HIV invades macrophages and helper T cells c. HIV kills large numbers of helper T cells d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following would likely occur if endothermy were disrupted? a. Body temperature could not be maintained b. Strenuous physical activity would be diificult c. Enzymes would be inactivated d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Women are more susceptible than men to the effects of osteoporosis because a. their bones are smaller and less dense than those of men b.they lose calcium during the child-bearing years c. sex hormone production declines during menopause d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Ears a. function to detect sounds b. help maintain your balance c. detect only internal stimuli d. Both (a) and (b)

d. Both (a) and (b)

The skin repels pathogens a. by functioning as a barrier b. by producing antibodies c. with sweat, which contains the enzyme lysozyme d. Both (a) and (c)

d. Both (a) and (c)

The role of helper T cells in immune responses is to a. secrete interleukin-1 b. stimulate macrophages to initiate an " alarm signal" c. initiate the activities of neutrophils d. activate two different types of immune system cells

d. activate two different types of immune system cells

The actual exchange of gases occurs at the sites of the a. trachea c. larynx b. nasal passageway d. alveoli

d. alveoli

The Y-shaped molecule that is produced by plasma cells upon exposure to a specific antigen and can bind to that antigen is called a(n) a. helper T cell b. macrophage c. B cell d. antibody

d. antibody

An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of a. breathing b. locomotion c. fighting bacterial infections d. blood clotting

d. blood clotting

Alveoli in the lungs are connected to the bronchi by a network of tiny tubes called a. arterioles b. venules c. capillaries d. bronchioles

d. bronchioles

The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are the a. venules b. veins c. arteries d. capillaries

d. capillaries

Specialized receptors that enable hearing are found in the a. cornea b.semicircular canals c. cochlea d. cerebellum

d. cerebellum

"Antennae" that extend from a neuron and that receive information from other cells are called a. axons b. cell bodies c. synapses d. dendrites

d. dendrites

Motor neurons transmit messages a. to the brain b. to the spinal cord c. from the spinal cord to the brain d. from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland

d. from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland

The body's first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except a. skin b. mucous membranes c. acids in the stomach d. interleukin-1

d. interleukin-1

A dialysis machine simulates the filtering action of the a. urethra b. pancreas c. liver d. kidneys

d. kidneys

Refer to the illustration above. The structure is the basic unit of the a. esophagus b. pancreas c. kidney d. liver

d. liver

Pulmonary circulation flows to and from the a. stomach b. liver c. intestine d. lungs

d. lungs

The loss of bone density that may occur in the later years of life is called a. menopause b. bone replacement c. bone fractures d. osteoporosis

d. osteoporosis

Dim-light vision is detected by the a. cones c. cornea b. lens d. rods

d. rods

Sensory receptors essential for balance are located in the a. eyes b. eardrum c. cochlea of the inner ear d. semicircular canals

d. semicircular canals

Refer to the illustration above. Most of the end products of digestion are absorbed into the circulatory system from which structure? a. structure 1 c. structure 3 b. structure 2 d. structure 4

d. structure 4

Which of the following is a nonspecific defense against pathogens? a. B cells b. antibodies c. helper T cells d. the inflammatory response

d. the inflammatory response

A disadvantage of nervous signals, which is not true of hormonal messages, is that a. nerve transmissions reach many cells at once b. nerve cells send messages at a much slower rate than do hormones c. the effects of nervous signals last for only a short time d. they take a long time to reach their target cell

d. they take a long time to reach their target cell

Vaccines are effective in preventing disease because they a. interfere with the release of suppressor T cells b. are antibodies directed against specific pathogens c. contain specific B ells T cells d. trigger antibody formation

d. trigger antibody formation

Refer to the illustration above. The structure is known as a a. villus b. nephron c. ureter d. urethra

d. urethra

Defending the body against bacterial infection and invasion by foreign substances is a function of a. red blood cells b. plasma c. platelets d. white blood cells

d. white blood cells