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Biology Semester Exam

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Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells causing them to produce more bacteriophages. The Hershey-Chase experiments used radioactively labeled bacteriophages as shown in the tables. Experiment 1 - Step 1 - Radioactively label bacteriophoage protein with 35S, Step 2 - Allow bacteriophages to infect bacteria cells, Step 3 - Separate bacteriophages from bacteria, Results - Detect 35S with bacteriophages. Experiment 2 - Step 1 - Radioactively label bacteriophage DNA with 32P, Step 2 - Allow bacteriophages to infect bacteria cells, Step 3 - Separate bacteriophages from bacteria, Result - 32P inside bacteria. What was the conclusion of the Hershey-Chase experiments? A. DNA from the bacteriophage entered the bacteria. B. DNA from the bacteriophage became bacterial DNA. C. Protein from the bacteriophage entered the bacteria. D. Protein from the bacteriophage became bacterial DNA.

Before Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, many scientists believed that offspring inherited a blend of parental traits. Mendel's results contradicted this theory. What aspect of the nature and philosophy of science does this change in thinking exemplify? A. Prior knowledge affects scientific observation B. Scientific knowledge is more often wrong than right C. Scientists guess when formulating scientific theories D. Scientific knowledge changes as new data becomes available.

Breaking which type of bond would require the most energy? A. Covalent B. Electrostatic C. Hydrogen D. Intermolecular

Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used to determine the age of objects composed of organic matter. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are other isotopes of carbon. The number of what subatomic particle must differ among these 3 carbon isotopes? A. Electron B. Neutron C. Photon D. Proton

Dr. Graham has written a paper on the internal temperature of nests of alligator eggs. His data show that temperature determines the sex of the hatchlings. What is the best method of validating the reliability of Dr. Graham's experiment? A. Dr. Graham should clearly document the experimental process B. Dr. Graham should repeat the experiment at another time of year C. Several scientists should repeat the experiment using Dr. Graham's design D. Several scientists should observe Dr. Graham as he repeats the experiment.

Dr. Hansen performs an experiment testing the effectiveness of different cough syrups. Identify the independent variable in the experiment. A. Type of cough syrup B. Flavor of the cough syrup C. Number of people taking each cough syrup D. Number of day people take each cough syrup.

During aerobic cellular respiration, in which of the following locations do ATP molecules form? A. Cytosol only B. Mitochondrial matrix only C. Mitochondrial matrix and outer mitochondrial membrane only D. Cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, and outer mitochondrial membrane only

During what phase of mitosis do sister chromatids attached at the centromere first separate from one another as they begin to move toward the cell poles? A. Anaphase B. Metaphase C. Prophase D. Telophase

Ella told her sister the sun would set at 6:30 p.m. and there would be a full moon on Thursday night. Under which basic assumption of science is she operating? A. Nature is orderly B. Knowledge is superior to ignorance C. Nothing is self-evident D. All phenomena have natural causes

Gavin measured the length of each of 5 oyster shells and recorded the data in this table. Oyster shell 1 - 4.1 cm (shell length), Oyster shell 2 - 5.8 cm, Oyster shell 3 - 5.2 cm, Oyster shell 4 - 4.0 cm, Oyster shell 5 - 6.9 cm. What is the mean shell length for these 5 oyster shells? A. 4.0 cm B. 5.0 cm C. 5.2 cm D. 6.9 cm

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in which excess mucus accumulates in the lungs and digestive system of affected individuals. Males and females must inherit 2 alleles with this mutation to have the disease. What is the mode of inheritance of cystic fibrosis? A. Autosomal dominant B. Autosomal recessive C. Sex-linked dominant D. Sex-linked recessive

A biologist surveys 10 bald eagle nests in Illinois and 10 bald eagle nests in Iowa. He counts the number of eggs in each nest and then records the number of fledged young. His data is provided. Nest ID (State-Nest #) then number of eggs, and then number of fledged young. IL-1, 1, 1 IL-2, 3, 2 IL-3, 2, 2 IL-4, 2, 2 IL-5, 1, 1 IL-6, 2, 1 IL-7, 1, 1 IL-8, 2, 2 IL-9, 3, 3 IL-10, 2, 2 IA-1, 2, 2 IA-2, 2, 2 IA-3, 3, 2 IA-4, 3, 3 IA-5, 2, 2 IA-6, 3, 3 IA-7, 1, 0 IA-8, 1, 1 IA-9, 2, 2 IA-10, 3, 2 Based on the data provided in the table, what percentage of the nests surveyed in Iowa fledged 0 young? A. 0% B. 0.1% C. 1% D. 10%

A homeowner applied a pesticide to a home infested with cockroaches. After 1 day she found many dead cockroaches. Several days later, she observed a few live cockroaches. The homeowner reapplied the pesticide, but she continued to see some live cockroaches. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why some of the cockroaches were able to survive repeated exposure to the pesticide? Some of the cockroaches: A. Experienced a mutation as a direct result of the first exposure that conferred resistance to the pesticide. B. Were able to alter their genotypes to ones that conferred resistance to the pesticide. C. Developed pesticide resistance through contact with other species of resistant insects. D. Had an allele that conferred resistance to the pesticide prior to their first exposure.

A paramecium lives in a relatively hypotonic environment. Which of these structures does the paramecium use to maintain homeostasis under these conditions, and how does it do so? A. Contractile vacuole; by expelling water from the intracellular space into the extracellular space B. Contractile vacuole; by absorbing water from the extracellular space into the intracellular space C. Lysosome; by expelling water from the intracellular space into the extracellular space D. Lysosome; by absorbing water from the extracellular space into the intracellular space

A researcher counted the number of eggs a single fruit fly laid in 24 hrs for 5 days and recorded the findings. Day 1 - 10 eggs, Day 2 - 14 eggs, Day 3 - 7 eggs, Day 4 - 8 eggs, Day 5 - 11 eggs. What is the average number of eggs laid per day over the 5 days? A. 5 B. 10 C. 25 D. 50

A scientific theory is based on experimental results that satisfy which criterion? A. They can be replicated by others. B. Their significance is supported by experts. C. They are absolute and cannot be challenged. D. They are inconsistent with personal experience.

A scientist found that the results of an experiment did not support her hypothesis. If she is following proper scientific procedure, what should she do next? A. Discard those results and repeat the experiment B. Accept the hypothesis and exclude data that does not fir C. Reject the hypothesis and assume it is incorrect D. Create a new hypothesis and a new experiment to test it

A scientists add an antibody specific to the actin protein to a prepared culture of macrophages. The macrophages exhibit active movement before, but not after, treatment. What is the most accurate conclusion about the function of actin? A. Actin depolymerizes microtubular arrays. B. Actin plays a role in the function of pseudopodia. C. Actin disrupts cellular activities in the cytoskeleton. D. Actin guides the movement of chromosomes in macrophages.

A scientists burned 100 g of rice until only 5 g of inorganic material remained. Approximate the percentage of inorganic material in the original 100 g rice sample. A. 0.05% B. 5% C. 20% D. 90%

A trisomy of chromosome 21 causes what condition? A. Albinism B. Dwarfism C. Down syndrome D. Color blindness

A veterinary technician administered subcutaneous fluids to a cat. She administered a total of 600 mL of fluid over a period of 7 days with an initial dose of 150 mL on Day 1. The doses on Days 2 - 7 were different from the initial dose, but equal in volume to each other. How much liquid did she administer on the second day? A. 75 mL B. 86 mL C. 150 mL D. 600 mL

After Tyler adds a chemical to normally functioning cells, proteins begin to accumulate in the cells' endoplasmic reticula. This chemical most likely prevents movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to which organelle? A. Golgi apparatus B. Lysosome C. Mitochondrion D. Ribosome

An ecologist measured the change in the mass of decomposing plant material using the appropriate SI unit. The unit that the ecologist most likely used to measure the mass was: A. Day B. Kilogram C. Liter D. Pound

An individual with the genotype AaBb is crossed with an individual with the genotype AaBb. Assuming that these 2 genes are unlinked, what is the percent chance that their offspring will have the genotype AaBb? A. 50% B. 25% C. 12.5% D. 6.25%

An organelle found in a liver cell would best be identified as a lysosome if its primary function was which of the following? A. Processing and packaging of cellular materials prior to export B. Harvesting of light energy to produce carbohydrates C. Detoxification of poisonous molecules within the cell D. Digestion of macromolecules and old organelles

As part of an experiment, a student adds 10 mL of 5% hydrochloric acid solution to 100 mL of a non-buffered, colorless solution of sugar. What is the most likely result? A. The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) will increase. B. The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) will increase. C. The pH will not change. D. The pH will increase.

The cytoplasm of red blood cells has a higher concentration of Na+ than does pure water. Suppose a biologist places a red blood cell in pure water. Is there a net flow of water molecules into or out of the red blood cell, and by which process does this net flow of water occur? A. Out of the cell; osmosis B. Into the cell; osmosis C. Out of the cell; active transport D. Into the cell; active transport

The diagram shows a cell membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a channel protein. Each x represents the same type of molecule inside or outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion moves these molecules across the cell membrane. In what direction do these molecules move and through which structure? A. Into the cell through the channel protein B. Into the cell through the phospholipid bilayer C. Out of the cell through the channel protein D. Out of the cell through the phospholipid bilayer

Carbon, Sodium, Hydrogen, Oxygen

The four most common elements in living organisms are what?

The manner in which chromosomes separate into gametes during meiosis is the molecular mechanism behind which of Mendel's laws, if either? A. Law of independent assortment only B. Law of segregation only C. Both the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation D. Neither the law of independent assortment nor the law of segregation

The mode of natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes rather than intermediate phenotypes is best described as: A. directional selection. B. disruptive selection. C. random selection. D. stabilizing selection.

The roll of a control in an experiment A. Prove a hypothesis is correct B. Proved a basis of comparison to the experimental group C. Insure comparability

The students used correct lab practice when handling samples of pond water. Which practice is NOT an example of correct lab practice? A.Wearing disposable gloves B.Discarding samples down the drain C.Disinfecting the lab countertop before and after each lab session D. Washing hands before and after each lab session

Sunlight

The ultimate source of energy flowing into nearly all ecosystems is...?

There was a growth curve for Paramecium grown in a 1.0 L flask containing pond water at 20 degrees C. The pond water is continually filtered to remove waste products, and nutrients are added at a constant rate. How could the experiment be modified to determine whether temperature influences the population size of Paramecium? A. Repeat the procedures described using 1 flask, and increase the temperature to 25 degrees C for Days 10-15 B. Repeat the procedures described using 1 flask, and vary the temperature randomly during the entire incubation time C. Repeat the procedures described using 2 flasks; incubate 1 flask at 15 degrees C and the other at 25 degrees C D. Repeat the procedures described using 2 flasks, incubate both flasks at 20 degrees C.

These diagrams on worksheet 5 (no 6) represent different stages of animal cell division. From start to finish, what is the correct order of the stages? A. 2, 4, 3, 1 B. 2, 3, 4, 1 C. 3, 2, 1, 4 D. 3, 1, 2, 4

This molecule is an example of which substance? H-H-N-C-H-H-C--O-OH A. Amino acid B. Carbohydrate C. Fatty acid D. Nucleotide

To enhance laboratory safety, how should students begin a new laboratory activity? A. Wait until other students begin and then follow their lead B. Gather supplies immediately and read the directions as needed C. Begin immediately and gather supplies as needed D. Read the laboratory exercise and gather supplies before beginning

What characteristic of early autotrophs gave them an advantage over early heterotrophs? A. They ate heterotrophs B. They produced spores C. They made their own food D. They reproduced asexually

What combines with sugar and a phosphate group to form a nucleotide? A. Amino acid B. Deoxyribose C. Glycerol D. Nitrogenous base

When the pH in a stomach increases from 2 to 4, how does the hydrogen ion concentration change? A. It increases by a factor of 2. B. It increases by a factor of 100. C. It decreases by a factor of 2. D. It decreases by a factor of 100.

Which example best illustrates Mendel's law of independent assortment? A. Two short-haired cats produce a litter of 4 kittens including 1 long-haired and 3 short-haired. B. A color-blind man and a woman with normal vision produce a son with normal vision and a color-blind daughter. C. A tall purple-flowered pea plant and a short white-flowered pea plant are crossed, producing offspring including tall white-flowered pea plants. D. A red-flowered snapdragon and a white-flowered snapdragon are crossed, producing offspring with pink flowers.

Why are organic molecules so diverse? A. They form mirror images of each other. B. They contain oxygen, which has 6 valence electrons. C. They form when any naturally occurring elements combine. D. They have carbon skeletons that vary greatly in arrangement.

You notice that over the past month many students on campus have started wearing a new style sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This prediction is an example of ? A. Type of experimental question B. Type of observation C. Type of hypothesis D. Type of experiment

Honey is composed mostly of glucose and fructose. What property of water explains why honey dissolves easily in water? A. Water exhibits strong cohesion. B. Water has a high specific heat. C. Water is a polar molecule. D. Water is easily ionized.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reaction? A. By reducing activation energy B. By reducing energy produced by the reaction C. By increasing activation energy D. By increasing energy produced by the reaction

Hurricanes are rated on a scale of 1-5 by wind speed as summarized. Category 1 - 74-95 wind speed (mph), Category 2 - 96-110 wind speed, Category 3 - 111-130 wind speed, Category 4 - 131-155 wind speed, Category 5 - 156+ wind speed. One source on hurricanes provides the following information about the intensity and occurrence of hurricanes in Texas and Mexico from 1900-2004. Category 1 - 65 hurricanes, Category 2 - 41 hurricanes, Category 3 - 50 hurricanes, Category 4 - 16 hurricanes, Category 5 - 2 hurricanes. Based only on the information in the tables, for the majority of the hurricanes that will strike the coast near Texas and Mexico, what is the most likely wind speed range, in mph? A. 74-95 B. 96-110 C. 111-130 D. 131-155

In aerobic respiration, glucose (C6H12O6) combines with oxygen (O2) to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). What is the balanced chemical equation for this reaction? A. C6H12O6 yields CO2 + H2O B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 yields 6 H2O C. C6H12O6 + O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O D. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Typically from producer then through a series of consumers

In an ecosystem, energy, how does energy flow in an ecosystem?

Keiko transfers samples of bacteria from a culture tube to several Perti dishes. Which technique should she use to minimize contamination of the culture? A. Setting the Petri dish lid on the lab table B. Holding the culture tube upright when the lid is off C. Disinfecting the lab table before and after the transfer D. Sliding the transfer pipette along the side of the culture tube

Look at the mRNA codon chart on worksheet 6, page 7. Which of the following mRNA sequences codes for valine (Val), glutamic acid (Glu), and serine (Ser), respectively? A. UGG-AGG-CUA B. GUA-GGG-AGC C. GUC-GAA-ACU D. GUG-GAG-AGC

Methane (CH4), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) are gases at room temperature. Water (H2O) has a similar molar mass to these molecules. Why is H2O a liquid at room temperature while CH4, O2, and N2 are not? A. H2O has a lower viscosity. B. H2O has a lower boiling point. C. Adjacent H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds. D. Nonpolar covalent bonds hold H2O molecules together.

Morgan hypothesizes that the activity of amylase, an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch, will be greater at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. She prepares 2 tubes: Tube 1 and Tube 2. Morgan adds 2g of starch and 1mL of an enzyme suspension to Tube 1 and incubates it at 37 degrees C for 20 min. To accurately test her hypothesis, Morgan should add 2g of the starch and 1mL of the enzyme suspension to Tube 2 and incubate it at _____ for _______. A. 25 degrees C; 20 minutes B. 37 degrees C; 20 minutes C. 25 degrees C; 10 minutes D. 37 degrees C; 10 minutes

Omid is spending the semester in England, where the road signs are in km. If he drives from his school into a town 6 mi away, how many km will he drive? A. 3.73 B. 4.00 C. 9.66 D. 11.00

Papain, an enzyme in papaya, breaks down polymers composed of amino acids. Which of the following substances does papain break down? A. Carbohydrates B. Fatty acids C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins

The aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration require which products of glycolysis? A. NADH and ATP B. Pyruvate and ATP C. Pyruvate and NADH D. ATP, Pyruvate, and NADH

For years, runoff from a nearly industrial plant has entered a certain lake. The runoff causes seasonal blooms of algae in the lake. These algae are short-lived and die off quickly. Which of the following graphs most likely illustrates the growth pattern of this algal population from the beginning of the spring seasonal bloom to the end of the resultant die-off of the algal population? A. A hill shaped curve B. A J shaped curve C. An S shaped curve D. A reverse S shaped curve

A student doing research on pill bugs hypothesized that pill bugs would be found in moist habitats, but not in dry habitats. The student found 2 pill bugs at 1 site: 1 under a log in moist conditions and another underneath some dry leaves. This finding did not support the student's original hypothesis. What should the student do next to determine if the original hypothesis is valid? A. Change the focus of the research from moisture to light sensitivity B. Assume these findings are representative of all pill bugs and accept the null hypothesis C. Find other organisms at the site to test for changes in moisture level D. Look for more pill bugs at the site to generate a larger sample size

A teacher challenged her students to design an experiment to study the importance of eyesight in the ability of crayfish to avoid land predators such as raccoons. The experiment was to be set up in a laboratory, using live crayfish, but simulated predators. Students set up control groups in which crayfish could see normally and experimental groups that restricted their ability to see. However, the students used different methods of restricting the crayfish's eyesight. Given the rules of experimental design and the requirements of the challenge, which method would be the most appropriate treatment for the experimental group? A. Keeping the crayfish in the dark B. Cutting off the crayfish's eyestalks C. Separating the crayfish from the simulated predator using different colored filters D. Covering the crayfish's eyestalks with a black plastic hood to restrict sight

A theory A. Is a proven idea B. An early concept C. Description of a belief that invokes the supernatural D. An explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence

After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam decides to have his cat vaccinated against feline leukemia virus. According to cell theory, are viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered living things? A. Yes, because they can reproduce. B. Yes, because they are composed of cells. C. No, because they cannot adapt to their environment. D. No, because they are not composed of cells.

As part of the necessary procedures in a laboratory investigation, scientists determined the mass of 6 mice and recorded the data. Mouse 1 - 52 g (mass), Mouse 2 - 48 g, Mouse 3 - 57 g, Mouse 4 - 47 g, Mouse 5 - 53 g, Mouse 6 - 43 g. What is the mean mass of the mice, in grams? A. 50 B. 57 C. 60 D. 300

In an experiment, a scientist filled 2 open flasks, as shown in the figures on worksheet 7 no 5, with broth and boiled the broth until it became clear. He then left the flasks open for several days. Which results showed that spontaneous generation did NOT occur? A. The broth in both Flasks A and B remained clear. B. The broth in both Flasks A and B became cloudy. C. The broth in Flask A remained clear, and the broth in Flask B became cloudy. D. The broth in Flask A became cloudy, and the broth in Flask B remained clear.

In glycerol (C3H8O3), there is a hydroxyl group (OH) bound to each of the 3 carbon atoms. The bond between the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group and a carbon atom in glycerol is best classified as what type of bond? A. Covalent B. Hydrogen C. Intermolecular D. Ionic

Much of the genetic diversity existing in modern multicellular organisms is most likely a result of: A. DNA mutations originating in gametes. B. DNA mutations originating in somatic cells. C. Protein mutations originating in gametes. D. Protein mutations originating in somatic cells.

Suppose that in humans, a certain type of color blindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. The chromosomes and alleles associated with this type of color blindness are represented here. X = X chromosome, Y = Y chromosome, B = allele for normal color vision, b = allele for color blindness. Which of these could NOT be a biological child of parents having the genotypes XBXb and XBY? A. Color-blind son B. Color-blind daughter C. Daughter with normal color vision D. Son with normal color vision

Which of the following chemical formulas represents an organic molecule? A. H2O B. AgNO3 C. C12H22O11 D. CuSO4 times H20

A biologist conducted an experiment to determine whether the survival of tadpoles was affected by the pH of the pond water in which they live. His results were that 20% of tadpoles survived at a pH of 5.5, 40% at 6.0, 85% at 6.5, 75% at 7.0, 65% at 7.5, and 45% at 8.0. Based on this graph, the difference between the percentage of surviving tadpoles is greatest for which 2 consecutive pH values? A. 5.5 and 6.0 B. 6.0 and 6.5 C. 6.5 and 7.0 D. 7.5 and 8.0

A biologist hypothesizes that biological evolution is occurring in a certain population of freshwater fish she is studying. To support this hypothesis, the biologist would need to document a change in which of the following? A. Size of individual fish over their lifetime B. Size of the population of fish over the course of her study C. Frequency of alleles in the population over the course of her study D. Frequency of predation on members of the population over the course of her study

A biologist recorded the number of rabbits in a population over 30 generations. Point A is the 10 generation of about 500 and Point B is generation 15 with about 200 Which of the following statements best explains why the number of rabbits in the population dramatically decreased between Points A and B? Shortly after the 10th generation: A. A new predator that feeds solely on the rabbits' main competitor was introduced into the rabbits' habitat B. Area farmers set traps for coyotes, the rabbits' main predator C. A change in environmental conditions led to a significant increase in the amount of food available to the rabbits. D. A fatal disease infected a large proportion of the rabbits in this population

A biologist surveys 10 bald eagle nests in Illinois and 10 bald eagle nests in Iowa. He counts the number of eggs in each nest and then records the number of fledged young. His data is provided. Nest ID (State-Nest #) then number of eggs, and then number of fledged young. IL-1, 1, 1 IL-2, 3, 2 IL-3, 2, 2 IL-4, 2, 2 IL-5, 1, 1 IL-6, 2, 1 IL-7, 1, 1 IL-8, 2, 2 IL-9, 3, 3 IL-10, 2, 2 IA-1, 2, 2 IA-2, 2, 2 IA-3, 3, 2 IA-4, 3, 3 IA-5, 2, 2 IA-6, 3, 3 IA-7, 1, 0 IA-8, 1, 1 IA-9, 2, 2 IA-10, 3, 2 Which of the following types of graphs would you use to best compare the average number of eggs per nest in Illinois and Iowa A. Bar graph B. Line graph C. Pie chart D. Scatter plot

A homeowner needs to find the surface area of her pond in order to apply the correct amount of aquatic herbicide. What unit of measurement would be correct and the most efficient to use? A. Cubic milliliters B. Cubic meters C. Square milliliters D. Square meters

A hypothesis is... A. Same as a theory B. A proposed explanation for a set of observations C. A widely excepted idea D. An explanation of an idea that is supported by a large body of evidence

A microbiologist has a bacterial culture with 100,000 cells per mL of nutrient broth, but needs to dilute the culture with sterile nutrient broth to 1,000 cells/mL. To accomplish this, the microbiologist should dilute 1 mL of the culture to what total volume, in mL? A. 10 B. 90 C. 100 D. 1,000

A microbiologist wants to determine whether a certain chemical affects the growth rate of bacteria. Which method would be most efficient and reliable for tracking the bacteria population's growth rate each hr for 24 hrs? A. Counting individual bacterial cells B. Determining the mass of the tube containing the bacteria C. Measuring the light absorbance of the populations in the tubes using a spectrophotometer D.Calculating the size of the population using the average doubling time of the bacteria in the absence of the chemical

A population of bacteria undergoes a period of exponential growth, doubling in size with each generation. If the population started with N individuals, which equation determines the population size 3 generations later? A. N x 2 cubed B. N x 3 squared C. 3N D. N squared

A scientist places a cell in a solution, and over time the cell gains mass and swells. What is the most likely explanation for the cell's gain in mass? A. The solution is hypertonic to the cell. B. The solution is hypotonic to the cell. C. The solution and the cell have equal concentrations of solutes. D. The solution and the cell have equal concentrations of water.

A scientist studies the effects that barnyard grass, a weed, has on the growth of rice, other weeds, and insects. The barnyard grass and other weeds, rice, and insects make up which level of biological organization? A. Population B. Community C. Ecosystem D. Biome

A single mitotic division of a human skin cell generally produces: A. 2 cells, each with 1 complete diploid set of chromosomes. B. 2 cells, each with 1 complete haploid set of chromosomes. C. 4 cells, each with 1 complete diploid set of chromosomes. D. 4 cells, each with 1 complete haploid set of chromosomes.

According to fossil evidence, whales evolved from 4-legged ancestors. The modern baleen whale has forelimbs, but inspection of its skeleton reveals only tiny vestigial hind limbs. What is the best explanation for this loss of hind limbs in the baleen whale? A. The hind limbs adapted into flippers to help the whale swim faster. B. Random chance and genetic drift led to the reduction in size of hind limbs. C. Whales with shorter hind limbs swam faster than those with longer hind limbs. D. Some whales lost longer hind limbs to predators and passed that trait to their offspring.

According to the biological species concept, when comparing 2 populations (Population 1 and Population 2), which of the following most likely indicates that Population 1 and Population 2 are the same species? A. Individuals from Population 1 are the same color as individuals from Population 2. B. Individuals from Population 1 consume the same species of prey as individuals from Population 2. C. Population 1 actually interbreeds with or has the potential to interbreed with Population 2. D. Population 1 inhabits the same general area as Population 2.

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the ancestor of modern mitochondria is best described as which of the following? A. A virus that formed a symbiotic relationship with another virus. B. A virus that formed a symbiotic relationship with a cell. C. A prokaryote that formed a symbiotic relationship with another cell. D. A eukaryote that formed a symbiotic relationship with another cell.

Aden wanted to determine the effects of stress on heart rate. As his stress factor, he asked subjects to complete math problems. He randomly divided his biology class of 24 students into 2 groups. He gave 1 group a timed test of difficult algebra problems; he gave the other group a timed test of simple arithmetic problems. Aden measured heart rates both before and immediately after the test. He hypothesized that the group given the difficult problems would show a higher mean heart rate (that is, a higher stress level) than those given simple problems. Results were difficult algebra 72 bpm as an initial heart rate and 77 as a final heart rate and the simple arithmetic was 71 bpm as an initial heart rate and 75 as a final heart rate. Because the results were so similar, Aden decided to do a second test in which he collected additional types of information. Which changes in experimental design would best help him accept or reject his initial hypothesis? A.Heart rates of the 2 groups taken during the test B.Average math grades of the 2 groups C.Before and after heart rates when both groups are given a more difficult test D.Before and after heart rates when a single group is given the same test

After questions were raised about his research, Dr. H., a university scientists, admitted he fabricated much of the data in a paper. Which procedure was probably LEAST effective in discovering and documenting this case of scientific dishonesty? A. Peer review of Dr. H.'s paper before its publication B. Comparison of Dr. H.'s research results with related research results of other scientists C. Inability of other scientists to replicate Dr. H.'s results D. Complaints of Dr. H.'s secrecy regarding his research techniques

Aisha wants to conduct an experiment to determine whether sun and shade varieties of the same plant species prefer the same wavelengths of light. She plans to measure rates of photosynthesis. Which design would be best for her experiment? A.1 plant of the sun variety tested under blue light only, and 1 plant of the shade variety tested under blue light only. B.4 plants of the sun variety: 1 tested under blue light, 1 under green, 1 under red, and 1 under yellow light, and 4 plants of the shade variety:1 tested under blue light, 1 under green, 1 under red, and 1 under yellow light C.10 plants of the sun variety tested under blue light only; and 10 plants of the shade variety tested under blue light only D.40 plants of the sun variety: 10 tested under blue light, 10 under green, 10 under red, and 10 under yellow light, and 40 plants of the shade variety: 10 tested under blue light, 10 under green, 10 under red, and 10 under yellow light.

Alkaptonuria is a genetic disorder of protein metabolism. The disorder is determined by 2 alleles at 1 locus. 1 is an unaffected female, 2 is an unaffected male, they have children and have a unaffected female (3), an affected female (4), an affected male (5), and an unaffected male (6). What is the genotype for Individual 1 in the diagram? A. AA or Aa B. AA C. Aa D. aa

Biochemists have created an artificial cell membrane that they hope to insert into artificial red blood cells for future dehydration and transportation into outer space. When scientists stain natural cell membranes with a heavy metal, they can view the membranes with an electron microscope. The heavy metal stains the polar hydrophilic heads of phospholipid membranes. If the artificial membranes resemble natural membranes, what area(s), when viewed under a microscope, would appear stained? A. First bar is stained, second and third is normal B. First is normal, second is stained, third is normal C. First is stained, second in normal, and third is stained D. First is normal, second and third are stained

Biology students carried out an experiment to determine if a certain fertilizer increased the height of plants. The students selected 4 types of plants and planted 10 seeds of each type. Five seeds of each type were treated with fertilizer and 5 seeds of each type were not treated with fertilizer. All other conditions were identical. The students recorded the plant height after 120 days. The castor bean - plants with fertilizer -150 cm, 145 cm, 155 cm, 160 cm, and 140 cm and plants without fertilizer - 145 cm, 140 cm, 150 cm, 155 cm, and 140 cm. The okra - plants with fertilizer - 75 cm, 80 cm, 75 cm, 75 cm, and 75 cm and plants without fertilizer - 70 cm, 80 cm, 70 cm, 65 cm, 70 cm. The radish - plants with fertilizer - 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm, and 20 cm, and plants without fertilizer - 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm. The tomato - with fertilizer - 150 cm, 145 cm, 155 cm, 160 cm, 165 cm, and plants without fertilizer - 140 cm, 130 cm, 135 cm, 120 cm, and 125 cm. Based on the results shown in this table, the difference (in cm) between the average height of the plants treated with fertilizer and the average height of the unfertilized plants was greatest for which of these plant types? A. Castor bean B. Okra C. Radish D. Tomato

Bryce is planning to plant tomatoes in his garden. He wants to determine if tomato seeds will germinate (sprout) faster in soil with sugar added than in soil with no sugar added. He plants one seed in 100 grams of soil in each of 20 pots. Which experiment will give him the most useful results? A. Placing 5 grams of sugar in all 20 pots; then giving 10 pots 40 mL of water daily and the other 10 pots 80 mL of water daily B. Placing 5 grams of sugar in 10 pots, and 10 grams of sugar in the other 10 pots; then giving all 20 pots 40 mL of water daily C. Placing 5 grams of sugar in 10 pots and no sugar in the other 10 pots; then giving all pots 40 mL of water daily D. Placing 5 grams of sugar in 10 pots, and no sugar in the other 10 pots; then giving the 10 pots with sugar 40 mL of water daily and the 10 pots without sugar 80 mL of water daily

By what process does a sodium ion exit a cell through the plasma membrane? A. Active transport B. Exocytosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Osmosis

Chan wants to determine how much the mass of fungus growing on a nutrient agar plate changes over an 8 hr period. What is the most appropriate unit of measure for him to use? A. Kilogram B. Kilometer C. Milligram D. Millimeter

Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology contains information about the formation of sedimentary rock. Lyell's information supported which of Darwin's ideas regarding natural selection? A. Organisms compete for resources. B. Tropical biodiversity takes a great deal of time. C. Habitat variation makes biodiversity in the tropics possible. D. Reproductive success depends on the fitness of a species.

Consider the following statement: If all vertebrates have backbones and turtles are vertebrates then turtles have backbones. This statement is an example of? A. Rationalization B. Deductive Reasoning C. Hypothesis D. Inductive Reasoning

Cytochrome C is a protein used in the electron transport chain. This table shows short sections of Cytochrome C's amino acid sequences in 5 organisms, using single letter abbreviations. Organism 1 - amino acid sequence - QAGYSTDK, Organism 2 - MAQFSTDK, Organism 3 - QAYPSTDK, Organism 4 - QAPFTTDK, Human - QAPYSTAK. Use this data to determine which organism most likely shares the most recent common ancestor with humans. A. Organism 1 B. Organism 2 C. Organism 3 D. Organism 4

DNA molecules differ from RNA molecules in which of the following ways? I. DNA molecules contain a different type of pentose sugar than do RNA molecules. II. DNA molecules contain the nitrogenous base cytosine while RNA molecules do not. III. RNA molecules contain the nitrogenous base uracil while DNA molecules do not. A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

Despite the diversity of nature, most organisms contain the same 4 DNA bases. This table shows the DNA composition of 3 organisms as reported in a classic 1950s experiment. Human - 29 Adenine, 21 Guanine, 29 Thymine, 21 Cytosine, Wheat germ 27 Adenine, 23 Guanine, 27 Thymine, 23 Cytosine, and E. coli 25 Adenine, 25 Guanine, 25 Thymine, and 25 Cytosine. Based on this study, what did scientists conclude about the DNA composition of all organisms? A. A, G, T, and C occur in equal percentages. B. A and G occur in equal percentages, and T and C occur in equal percentages. C. A and T occur in equal percentages, and G and C occur in equal percentages. D. A and C occur in equal percentages, and T and G occur in equal percentages.

Dinosaur extinction coincided with a massive asteroid's collision with Earth. The extreme heat of the impact killed many organisms. The resulting dust cloud prevented photosynthesis for a long period of time, killing many other organisms. Which scenario most likely explains how life survived on Earth after the asteroid impact? A. The large number of dead organisms supplied an abundant food source for surviving carnivores. B. Some organisms survived the initial impact and adapted to new food sources and habitats. C. Microscopic organisms survived and evolved into modern forms of terrestrial and aquatic life. D. The dust cloud affected terrestrial organisms, but did not affect aquatic organisms.

Dinosaur species dominated Earth for over 100 million years. During this time, most mammals were small mouse-sized nocturnal organisms. Following the mass extinction of the dinosaurs, the small mammals rapidly diversified to fill available habitats and niches. What pattern of evolution best explains the diversification of mammals? A. Catastrophism B. Convergent evolution C. Gradualism D. Punctuated equilibrium

Dr. Romero is raising 3 types of damselfishes in separate aquariums: 2 from the Atlantic Ocean and 1 from the Pacific Ocean. This summarizes the information she gathered through observations and breeding experiments. Fish A is an Atlantic 5.0-6.6 cm longs with 14-18 dorsal fin rays and is solid brown, had offspring with fish B and fish C, but did not successfully reproduce with B and did successfully reproduce with C. Fish B is an Atlanric 5.5-8.0 cm long, 16-20 dorsal fin rays, is colored brown with small white spots, B&A mated and produced offspring, but B&C did not mate, B X A did not successfully reproduce. Fish C is a Pacific, 6.4-9.2 cm long, 17-21 dorsal fin rays, is colored mottled brown and yellow, C&A mated and offspring was successfully reproduced, but C&B did not mate/offspring was not produced. Based on the most commonly accepted definition of a species, how many different species of damselfishes is Dr. Romero raising, and which fish are they? A. 1 species: Fish A, B, and C are all members of a single species. B. 2 species: Fish A and B are a single species; Fish C is a separate species. C. 2 species: Fish A and C are a single species; Fish B is separate species. D. 3 species: Fish A, B, and C are all members of separate species.

During metaphase I of meiosis, which of the following occurs? A. Centrosomes of replicated chromosomes line up along the cell's equator. B. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. C. Paired homologous chromosomes line up along the cell's equator. D. Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Ebola virus is a potentially deadly virus in the blood which causes Ebola fever. Ebola virus if often spread by monkeys. Scientists used 2 groups of monkey kidney cells in an experiment to confirm the first human case of Ebola fever. The scientists inoculated cells in Group 1 with samples of the Ebola virus taken from a human with Ebola fever. They did not inoculate the cells in Group 2. What was the control group in the experiment? A. The Ebola virus B. All of the monkey kidney cells C. Monkey kidney cells in Group 1 D. Monkey kidney cells in Group 2

Ethan wants to determine whether temperature affects the rate at which mold grows on bread. He puts one piece of bread inside a petri dish, closes the lid, and places the petri dish in the refrigerator. To determine whether temperature affects the growth of mold, Ethan should place another piece of bread into a petri dish: A. leave the dish uncovered, and place the dish in the refrigerator B. cover the dish, and place the dish in the refrigerator C. leave the dish uncovered, and place the dish in a dark, room temperature cabinet D. cover the dish, and place the dish in a dark, room temperature cabinet

In an experiment, 6,000 people with a common cold who drank orange juice daily had symptoms that lasted an average of 4 days. Another 6,000 people with a common cold who did not drink orange juice daily had symptoms that lasted an average of 7 days. Scientists repeated the experiment 3 times with the same results. They concluded that orange juice reduces the length of the common cold. Was this conclusion valid, and why? A. Yes, because vitamin C is a known common cold cure B. Yes, because scientists repeated the experiment C. No, because the sample size was too small D. No, because some of the people who drank orange juice did not feel better

For biological evolution to occur by way of natural selection, the trait being selected for need NOT: A. be heritable B. vary among individuals C. increase an individual's life span D. increase an individual's reproductive success

Horse skeleton fossils indicate that the size of horses increased over time. Which statement best explains this fossil record? A. Smaller horses bred with larger horses, creating hybrids B. Smaller horses were infected by a fatal virus early in their history. C. Larger horses consumed the food supply of the smaller horses. D. Larger horses produced a slightly greater number of surviving offspring.

Horses born to 2 palomino (golden-coated) horses have a 25% chance of having a white coat, a 25% chance of having a chestnut (brown) coat, and a 50% chance of having a palomino coat. Which description of inheritance best explains the coat-color trait in these horses? A. Palomino coat color is a recessive trait. B. Palomino coat color is a dominant trait. C. Coat color is an incompletely dominant trait. D. Coat color is a sex-linked trait.

How does the regulation of gene expression lead to cell specialization? A. Enzymes degrade unnecessary DNA. B. Methylation of some regions of DNA prevents transcription. C. Mutations change certain RNA sequences. D. Removal of exons from RNA prevents translation into protein.

If a researcher makes an experimental observation that is contrary to well-established scientific understanding, what should the next step be? A. Ignoring the results of the experiment if they support the hypothesis B. Re-evaluating the procedure and replicating the experiment C. Publishing the research in a well-known journal D. Manipulating the data so it conforms to current understanding

In an experiment to study the digestion of casein (a protein found in milk), students prepared 5 test tubes containing a casein suspension. The students recorded the contents and treatment of each test tube in this table. Pancreatin contains a mixture of enzymes in aqueous suspension. Each tube appeared clear during the entire process until calcium chloride (CaCltwo) was added, at which time some cloudy. Tube 1 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 mL and Pancreatin of 1.0 mL and incubated at 20 degrees, Tube 2 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 1.0 and incubated at 37 degrees, Tube 3 repeated number 2 (from what we can see on the worksheet), Tube 4 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 0.0 and a temperature of 20 degrees, and Tube 5 had a Casein suspension of 0.0 and Pancreatin 0.0 and temperature of 20 degrees. Which question can the students answer by comparing the results of Tubes 2 and 3? A. What effect does incubation temperature have on the rate of protein digestion? B. What effect do incubation temperature and time have on the total quantity of protein digested? C. How does incubation time influence the relative amount of protein digested? D. How does the addition of an enzyme influence the rate of protein digestion?

In an experiment to study the digestion of casein (a protein found in milk), students prepared 5 test tubes containing a casein suspension. The students recorded the contents and treatment of each test tube in this table. Pancreatin contains a mixture of enzymes in aqueous suspension. Each tube appeared clear during the entire process until calcium chloride (CaCltwo) was added, at which time some cloudy. Tube 1 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 mL and Pancreatin of 1.0 mL and incubated at 20 degrees, Tube 2 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 1.0 and incubated at 37 degrees, Tube 3 repeated number 2 (from what we can see on the worksheet), Tube 4 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 0.0 and a temperature of 20 degrees, and Tube 5 had a Casein suspension of 0.0 and Pancreatin 0.0 and temperature of 20 degrees. How should the students modify their procedure to make Tube 4 the best control for Tube 1? A. By incubating Tube 4 at 37 degrees (C) instead of 20 degrees B. By incubating Tube 4 for 2 minutes instead of 10 minutes C. By adding 1.0 mL of pancreatin to Tube 4 for a total volume of 2.0 mL D. By adding 1.0 mL of distilled water to Tube 4 for a total volume of 2.0 mL

In an experiment to study the digestion of casein (a protein found in milk), students prepared 5 test tubes containing a casein suspension. The students recorded the contents and treatment of each test tube in this table. Pancreatin contains a mixture of enzymes in aqueous suspension. Each tube appeared clear during the entire process until calcium chloride (CaCltwo) was added, at which time some cloudy. Tube 1 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 mL and Pancreatin of 1.0 mL and incubated at 20 degrees, Tube 2 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 1.0 and incubated at 37 degrees, Tube 3 repeated number 2 (from what we can see on the worksheet), Tube 4 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 0.0 and a temperature of 20 degrees, and Tube 5 had a Casein suspension of 0.0 and Pancreatin 0.0 and temperature of 20 degrees. To determine the effect of temperature on the rate of protein digestion, which tubes should the students compare? A. Tubes 1 and 2 B. Tubes 1 and 3 C. Tubes 2 and 3 D. Tubes 2 and 4

In an experiment to study the digestion of casein (a protein found in milk), students prepared 5 test tubes containing a casein suspension. The students recorded the contents and treatment of each test tube in this table. Pancreatin contains a mixture of enzymes in aqueous suspension. Each tube appeared clear during the entire process until calcium chloride (CaCltwo) was added, at which time some cloudy. Tube 1 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 mL and Pancreatin of 1.0 mL and incubated at 20 degrees, Tube 2 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 1.0 and incubated at 37 degrees, Tube 3 repeated number 2 (from what we can see on the worksheet), Tube 4 had a Casein suspension of 1.0 and Pancreatin of 0.0 and a temperature of 20 degrees, and Tube 5 had a Casein suspension of 0.0 and Pancreatin 0.0 and temperature of 20 degrees. What units should the students use when recording the amount of casein in the suspension? A. g/mL B. mL/g C. mL/min D. min/mL

In biology class, Keesha places a suspension of the green algae Chlorella in a growth chamber. She turns the light on in the growth chamber, then measures the change in the amount of CO2 in the growth chamber over the next 15 minutes. She then repeats the experiment, using a growth chamber that is devoid of light. She finds that the amount of CO2 in the lighted growth chamber increases over time. The most likely explanation for her results is that, in the absence of light, CO2: A. Consumption by photosynthesis is greater than CO2 production by cellular respiration B. Consumption by cellular respiration is greater than CO2 production by photosynthesis. C. Production by photosynthesis is greater than CO2 consumption by cellular respiration. D. Production by cellular respiration is greater than CO2 consumption by photosynthesis.

In coho salmon, hooknose males are large and jack males are small. Average-sized males exist, but are rare. What statement best explains disruptive selection in male coho salmon? A. Average-sized males reach the spawning ground first. B. The scent of average-sized males makes them most attractive to females. C. Hooknose males produce stronger sperm than jack males or average-sized males. D. The relative size of hooknose males and jack males is an advantage during mating.

In humans, pigmented skin is dominant to non-pigmented skin (albinism). What is the genotype of an individual with albinism? A. Carrier B. Heterozygous C. Homozygous dominant D. Homozygous recessive

In this series of metabolic reactions, Compound R is converted into Compound A, and Enzyme X then catalyzes the conversion of Compound A into Compounds B and D. Compound B is converted to Compound C. Assume that Compound C inhibits Enzyme X and that Compound C is not consumed in a subsequent reaction. As the concentration of Compound C increases, the rate of production of which compound is LEAST likely to decrease? A. A B. B C. C D. D

Jaime plans to use a variety of sources in writing his term paper on global warming. Which source would likely contain the most unbiased scientific information? A. A website sponsored by an environmental organization B. A research paper in the peer-reviewed journal Climatology C. A Scientific American article written by a journalist D. A telephone interview with an energy company representative

John Needham performed an experiment testing spontaneous generation. He boiled chicken broth, placed it in a sterile flask, and then sealed the flask. After a few days, Needham observed microorganisms in the flask. Based on current understanding, how was his experiment flawed? A. Boiling activated dormant microorganisms present in the broth. B. Boiling the broth did not kill all microorganisms present. C. Microorganisms entered the broth from the flask itself after the flask was sealed. D. After Needham boiled the broth, microorganisms entered the air.

Keisha passes a local dairy farm that has many brown cows, but only a few white cows. A dominant allele produces brown hair in cows and a recessive allele produces white hair. Which characteristic of any brown cow can Keisha identify? A. The genotype of both of the cow's parents B. The genotype of the cow's hair color C. The phenotype of both of the cow's parents D. The phenotype of the cow's hair color

Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur both performed experiments hoping to disprove the hypothesis that organisms can form by spontaneous generation. Which of the following flasks was included in Pasteur's experiment that was NOT included in Spallanzani's? A. A flask that allowed air to enter but did not allow microorganisms to enter B. A flask that did not allow air to enter but did allow microorganisms to enter C. A flask that allowed neither air to enter nor microorganisms to enter D. A flask that allowed both air to enter and microorganisms to enter

Lead (Pb-208) is the heaviest stable isotope known. It has an atomic number of 82. How many neutrons does Pb-208 have? A. 82 B. 126 C. 164 D. 208

Look at the mRNA codon chart on worksheet 6, page 7. The mRNA sequence ACU codes for the amino acid Thr. A mutation occurs, and the resulting mRNA sequence is AUU. What amino acid will replace Thr? A. Val B. Met C. Ile D. Ala

Many insects produce pheromones (chemical signals) to facilitate mating and reproduction. Scientists have discovered that pheromones, if given at a certain time in an insect's life cycle, can confuse male insects and disrupt the mating process. Crop growers want to use this knowledge to help control insect pests. Which step would be LEAST likely to change this scientific information into a usable technology? A. Determining which pheromones most disrupt the mating of common insect pests B. Determining when, during an insect pest's life cycle, the application of pheromones would most disrupt mating C. Developing a practical means of dispersing the pheromones D. Developing stronger insecticides to kill insects not affected by the pheromones

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the hierarchy of from least inclusive to most inclusive? A. Ecosystem, population, organ system, cell B. Cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, cell C. Organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ D. Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

Lupe performed an experiment to test the ability of different heavy metals to inhibit normal enzyme activity in liver. Lupe placed 5g of liver in each of 5 test tubes. In 4 of the tubes, she also placed equal amounts of a heavy metal. She then added 6mL of hydrogen peroxide to all 5 tubes. She used the resulting bubble column as an indicator of enzyme activity in the liver and recorded the data. (Note: The greater the height of the bubble column, the greater the enzyme activity.) Control (No heavy metal) - Trial#1 - 7, Trial#2 - 8, Trial#3 - 8, Average - 7.7 Lead (Pb) - Trial#1 - 4, Trial#2 - 4, Trial#3 - 5, Average - 4.3 Mercury (Hg) - Trial#1 - 4, Trial#2 - 6, Trial#3 -5, Average - 5.0 Magnesium (Mg) - Trial#1 - 5, Trial#2 - 5, Trial#3 - 6, Average - 5.3 Zinc (Zn) - Trial#1 - 10, Trial#2 - 9, Trial#3 - 3, Average - 9.3 Based on Lupe's data, enzyme activity was inhibited the most by which of the 4 heavy metals? A. Zn B. Mg C. Hg D. Pb

Lydia works in a flower shop after school. She notices that the hydrangeas in Container 1 have pink blossoms, while the hydrangeas in Container 2 have blue blossoms. She make sure they all receive the same amount of light and water. Her boss tells her that the flowers were all grown from the same seed variety. Lydia discovers, after testing the soil, that although the same type of soil was used, the soil in Container 1 has a pH of 6.0, and the soil in Container 2 has a pH of 5.0. As described in the scenario above which fundamental assumption of science did Lydia put into practice while working at the flower shop? A. We arrive at knowledge mainly by using our sense of intuition B. We learn how the natural world works by observing it and by conducting experiments. C. We can develop a theory based on a few consistent experimental results. D. We can manipulate several variables at a time in a controlled experiment

Lydia works in a flower shop after school. She notices that the hydrangeas in Container 1 have pink blossoms, while the hydrangeas in Container 2 have blue blossoms. She makes sure they all receive the same amount of light and water. Her boss tells her that the flowers were all grown from the same seed variety. Lydia discovers, after testing the soil, that although the same type of soil was used, the soil in Container 1 has a pH of 6.0, and the soil in Container 2 has a pH of 5.0. Lydia most likely conducted her investigation to answer what question about hydrangeas? A.How does the chemistry of the soil affect the color hydrangea blossoms? B.What role do genetic factors play in hydrangea color? C.Do varying degrees of light affect hydrangea color? D.What type of soil will produce a hydrangea with both pink and blue blossoms?

Mark saw a documentary on the harmful effects of cigarette smoke and wants to learn more. He consults many types of resources, but knows that not all contain sound scientific information. Which resource likely contains the LEAST reliable information? A. Scientific journal B. Peer-reviewed online magazine C. Library reference D. Internet discussion group

Ming volunteers for a study to determine whether a certain medication helps people sleep. Volunteers are assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Volunteers in Group 1 are given the medication, and volunteers in Group 2 are given a placebo. Which of the following steps is necessary to ensure the scientific validity of the results? A. Assigning the subjects to each group at random B. Assigning all of the subjects with sleeping problems to the placebo group C. Telling subjects if they are receiving the medicine or the placebo D. Placing 100 volunteers in Group 1 and 10 volunteers in Group 2

Most male crickets produce a mating song by rubbing together their curved wings. In a certain geographic area, parasitic flies detected male crickets singing and deposited their larvae into them, which killed the crickets. Eighteen generations later the number of males with flat wings has increased to 90%. The flat-winged crickets do not sing, but are still able to mate with females, and parasitic flies cannot detect them. Which type of selection is occurring in this cricket population? A. Artificial B. Directional C. Disruptive D. Stabilizing

Mrs. Lewis set up a lab for her biology students using a culture of the small crustacean Daphnia, obtained from a pond that was 20 degrees C. The students are to investigate the effect temperature has on Daphnia. The students will observe the crustacean's heartbeat under the microscope, at different temperatures, and count the number of heartbeats per sec. If the experiment is designed correctly, what will the students choose for the experimental treatment? A. Placing 5 identical cultures of Daphnia at 20 degrees C B. Placing each of 5 identical cultures of Daphnia at a different temperature C. Placing 5 cultures, each with a different type of crustacean, at 20 degrees C D. Placing 5 cultures, each with a different type of crustacean, at a different temperature

Naomi adds cycloheximide to cells grown in a test tube. Within minutes, she identifies short incomplete segments of proteins in the cells. On which organelle does cycloheximide act? A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. Nucleus D. Ribosome

Nondisjunction can occur during which of the following phases? A. Metaphase I only B. Anaphase I only C. Metaphase I and II only D. Anaphase I and II only

Archae and Bacteria

Organisms that are prokaryotes are in the domain

Paul and Simon want to determine who is more git. They decide to run in place for 5 minutes and then measure their blood pressures to see whose returns to normal most quickly. They record the data. For Paul, his sitting Systole/Diastole (mm Hg) is 114/73 and his pulse (beats/min) is 58, exercising Systole/Diastole is 150/75 and his pulse is 94, 1 minute after exercising is 142/72 and the pulse is 74, 3 minutes after exercising is 122/72 and the pulse is 65, and 5 minutes after exercising his Systole/Diastole is 114/73 and his pulse is 58. For Simon, his sitting Systole/Diastole is 113/74 and his pulse is 62, exercising, it is 170/75 and pulse is 100, 1 minute after exercising 158/73 and pulse is 76, 3 minutes after exercising 139/73 and pulse is 70, and 5 minutes after exercising his Systole/Diastole is 121/74 and pulse is 66. Paul told Simon that the heart pumps more blood during exercise than at rest. How do the experiment's results support Paul's statement? A. Exercise increases only the pulses. B. Exercise increases only the systolic pressure. C. Exercise increases both the systolic and diastolic pressure. D. Exercise increases both pulse and the systolic pressure.

Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme in the human stomach. Antacids cause the pH of the stomach to increase and protein digestion becomes less efficient. What occurs to reduce the efficiency of protein digestion? A. Antacids break the covalent bonds within pepsin. B. Pepsin dissolves antacids in the gastric juice. C. The active site of pepsin changes shape. D. The concentration of pepsin increases.

Persons A and B have similar mRNA sequences with the exception of 1 nucleotide. Person A: AUGGUUACUAAGGGCUGA Person B: AUGGUUACUGAGGGCUGA Use the genetic code chart on worksheet 6, question 22 to determine how this difference affects the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein. A. Lys in Person A is replaced with Glu in Person B. B. Phe is Person A is replaced with Leu in Person B. C. Persons A and B have identical amino acid sequences. D. A stop codon is generated in Person B and not in Person A.

Scientific experimentation can most likely answer which question regarding a bird population? A. How does a baby bird learn to recognize the type of food it can eat? B. How does the type of food a bird eats affect the number of offspring it produces? C. What is the relationship between beak size and the number of offspring a bird produces? D. Why does a bird with a very short beak produce more offspring than a bird with a very long beak?

Scientists collected data on the height and weight of individuals in a population. They recorded their results in the scatterplot in the 1st worksheet (no 26). What is the most accurate conclusion regarding the relationship between height and weight? A. Tall individuals are always heavier than short individuals. B. There is no relationship between height and weight. C. There is a negative relationship between height and weight. D. There is a positive relationship between height and weight.

Several students in a biology lab tested mealworms' preference for damp or dry conditions. The students placed 50 mealworms one-by-one in the middle of a layer of paper towels with a damp area and a dry area. The mealworms were allowed to move freely over the paper towels for 10 min. After 10 min the students noted the location of each mealworm. The data is summarized below. 47 Damp and 3 Dry In a second experiment the same 50 mealworms were exposed to each of 4 different arrangements of paper towels with food sources in different locations. Food sources just off the paper towels can be sensed by the mealworms, but are out of their reach. The diagram below shows the location of the worms after 10 min. Food source on the side of the damp side - 45 on the damp side and 5 on the dry side Food source on the side of the dry side and in the middle of the damp side - 49 damp side and 1 dry side Food source on the side of the damp side and in the middle of the dry side - 2 damp side and 48 dry side Food source in the middle of both damp and dry sides - 24 damp and 26 dry Which conclusion best supports the data collected in both experiments? A. Mealworms prefer damp conditions over dry conditions. B. Mealworms prefer dry conditions over damp conditions C. Mealworms are more strongly influenced by food than by damp or dry conditions D. Mealworms are more strongly influenced by damp or dry conditions than by food

Sunee and Jamila grow 2 distinct strains of E. coli bacteria following appropriate lab procedures. In Experiment 1, they use a new culture of Strain X and a 30-day old culture of Strain Y. In Experiment 2, they use a new culture of Strain Y and a 30-day old culture of Strain X. Sunee and Jamila measure the nuber of bacterial colonies and record the data. Experiment 1 - new Strain X - goes down daily (then goes up slightly at day 20) 30-day-old Strain Y - goes up daily (then slightly down at 20) Experiment 2 - 30-day-old Strain X - goes up daily (then down slightly at 20) new Strain Y - goes down daily What is the most accurate conclusion about the growth rate of the bacteria? A. Strain X grows faster than Strain Y regardless of the culture's age. B. Strain Y grows faster than Strain X regardless of the culture's age C. The 30-day old culture grows faster regardless of the strain D. The new culture grows faster regardless of the strain.

Suppose Condition A is an autosomal recessive trait that affects the nervous system. In one family, the father, mother, daughter, and elder son do not have Condition A, but the younger son has Condition A. Both of the individuals in which of the following pairs MUST be carriers of the Condition A allele? A. Father and elder son B. Mother and daughter C. Daughter and elder son D. Mother and father

Suppose a population of land-dwelling snakes is split into 2 separate populations when a river changes course, cutting right down the middle of their habitat and preventing them from interbreeding. What type of isolating mechanism is described in this scenario? A. Temporal isolation B. Geographic isolation C. Behavioral isolation D. Habitat isolation

Suppose that a Brassica rapa plant has 2 alleles for dark green leaf color and has dark green leaves. A second B. rapa plant has 1 allele for yellow-green leaf color and has dark green leaves. Based on this information, which term best describes the relationship, between these 2 alleles, in terms of the resulting phenotype, assuming that the leaf color character is controlled by a single gene? A. The alleles for the gene coding for leaf color are sex-linked. B. The alleles for the gene coding for leaf color are codominant. C. The allele for dark green leaf color is dominant to the allele for yellow-green leaf color. D. The allele for yellow-green leaf color is dominant to the allele for dark green leaf color.

The DNA of a genetically modified (GM) plant contains genes from other species. Some environmentalists claim that GM plants may pose environmental problems. Which occurrence involving a GM plant will most likely cause an environmental problem? A. Herbicide-resistant genes transfer to weeds when weeds hybridize with a GM plant B. An insect-resistant GM plant produces 20% more grain than the same non-GM variety of the plant C. A disease-resistant GM plant that cannot reproduce is transported into surrounding fields D. A GM plant is resistant to its most threatening pest, but is not resistant to less threatening pests.

The graph represents the average fastest speed of 5 animals recorded in one study. Snake - 5 mph, Kangaroo - 10 mph, Elephant - 25 mph, Lion - 50 mph, and Cheetah - 70 mph. Based on the graph, which species is approximately 1/3 as fast as the cheetah? A. Elephant B. Kangaroo C. Lion D. Snake

The hydrolysis of which of the following molecules provides energy for muscle contraction? A. ATP B. DNA C. Lactic acid D. Oxygen

The number and type of macroinvertbrates are good indicators of the amount of pollution in a stream because they tolerate varying levels of pollution. A biology textbook provides this of tolerance levels. Stonefly - Low Crayfish - Medium Blackfly - High Leech - Very High Biology students gather samples from a local stream and conclude that it is extremely polluted. Which most likely reflects the data gathered by the students? A. Stonefly - 2 Crayfish - 10 Blackfly - 5 Leech - 3 B. Stonefly - 2 Crayfish - 1 Blackfly - 3 Leech - 2 C. Stonefly - 0 Crayfish - 2 Blackfly - 5 Leech - 5 D. Stonefly - 0 Crayfish - 12 Blackfly - 8 Leech - 3

The pedigree shows 3 generations of a family in which some members exhibit a particular X-linked recessive trait. A male without trait (1) and a female without trait (2) have 4 children: a female without trait (3), a male with the trait (4), a male with the trait (6), and a female without the trait (8). 4 has 3 children with a female without the trait (5): a female without trait (10), a female without the trait (11), and a male with the trait (12). 6 has a child with a female without trait (7): a female without the trait (13). 8 has 2 children with a male without the trait (9): a female without the trait (14) and a male with the trait (15). The 2 females in which of the following pairs must have the same genotype? A. 3 and 5 B. 7 and 11 C. 8 and 13 D. 10 and 14

The presence of which of the following structures in a cell would indicate that the cell is NOT a photosynthetic bacterium? A. Cell wall B. Chloroplast C. DNA D. Ribosome

The process that is most directly responsible for the majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is which of the following? A. Fermentation B. Glycolysis C. Krebs cycle D. Electron transport

This graph on worksheet 2 (no 24) shows the volume of product produced over time for 4 different enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Between 0 s and 2 s, which of these 4 reactions has the greatest average rate of production? A. Reaction I B. Reaction II C. Reaction III D. Reaction IV

These graphs on the first worksheet (no 27) represent Earth's estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and temperature over the past 400,000 years. Using the data in the graphs determine the relationship between Earth's CO2 levels and temperature. A. The temperature falls as the CO2 level rises. B. The CO2 level and the temperature are equal. C. There is a positive correlation between CO2 levels and temperature. D. There is a negative correlation between CO2 levels and temperature.

This graph on the 1st worksheet (no 31) shows the volume of product produced over time for 4 different enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Between 0 s and 2 s, which of these 4 reactions has the greatest average rate of production? A. Reaction I B. Reaction II C. Reaction III D. Reaction IV

Two black guinea pigs bred and produced 3 black offspring and 2 albino offspring. Assuming no mutations, which guinea pigs must be heterozygous? A. All 3 black offspring B. Exactly 2 of the black offspring C. Both albino offspring D. Both parents

Two scientists, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey, conducted an experiment in which they attempted to recreate conditions comparable to those hypothesized to have existed on early Earth. Which of the following conclusions did they draw based on the results of this experiment? A. Spontaneous generation could not occur. B. Earth's early atmosphere contained oxygen gas. C. Organic molecules could form from inorganic substances. D. Many simple organisms could form from Earth's early atmosphere.

Two students conduct and experiment in which they measure the concentration of an enzyme in a test tube at 1 minute intervals over the course of a chemical reaction. Before beginning the experiment, each of the students makes a prediction about what will happen to the enzyme concentration as the reaction progresses. Student 1 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. Student 2 predicts that the concentration of the enzyme in the test tube will not significantly decrease as the reaction progresses. The results of the experiment will most likely support the prediction of which student? A. Student 1; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. B. Student 1; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. C. Student 2; enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. D. Student 2; enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction.

Two students conducted studies to determine the amount of bacteria in hamburgers cooked to different internal temperatures. The students cooked 3 hamburgers: 1 rare, 1 medium, and 1 well-done. The students then took a core from the center of each hamburger and placed each core in a separate petri dish with nutrient agar. Each dish was incubated until colonies formed. The students hypothesized that the rare hamburger core would generate the most bacteria colonies. Eight hundred colonies grew in the dish containing the rare hamburger core, 400 colonies grew in the dish containing the medium hamburger core, and 0 colonies grew in the dish containing the well-done hamburger core. What is the most appropriate next step for the students to take in this study? A. Accept the results; one trial is all that is necessary to test a hypothesis. B. Accept the results; the results of this experiment support their hypothesis. C. Perform more trials using a different type of meat, under the same conditions as the first experiment. D. Perform more trials using the same type of meat, under the same conditions as the first experiment.

Two students wanted to estimate and compare the density of 2 species of plants in a grassland habitat. Student 1 randomly located 10 sampling plots and counted the number of plants of each species in each sampling plot. Each sampling plot was 1 m squared. The number of individuals of each species that Student 1 counted in each sampling plot were: Specie A: 9, 8, 15, 21, 8, 4, 25, 1, 11, 0 Species B: 15, 14, 15, 16, 15, 17, 14, 15, 18, 16 Student 2 was in a hurry and decided to locate his 10 sampling plots in the areas with the least amount of vegetation. He counted the number of plants of each species in each 1 m squared sampling plot. The number of individuals of each species that Student 2 counted in each sampling plot were: Species A: 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0 Species B: 13, 15, 14, 15, 14, 14, 15, 15, 14, 14 Based on the data collected by Student 1, what is the mean density of Species A in the grassland habitat he surveyed? A. 1.5 individuals/m squared B. 5.9 individuals/m squared C. 10.2 individuals/m squared D. 15.5 individuals/m squared

Two students wanted to estimate and compare the density of 2 species of plants in a grassland habitat. Student 1 randomly located 10 sampling plots and counted the number of plants of each species in each sampling plot. Each sampling plot was 1 m squared. The number of individuals of each species that Student 1 counted in each sampling plot were: Specie A: 9, 8, 15, 21, 8, 4, 25, 1, 11, 0 Species B: 15, 14, 15, 16, 15, 17, 14, 15, 18, 16 Student 2 was in a hurry and decided to locate his 10 sampling plots in the areas with the least amount of vegetation. He counted the number of plants of each species in each 1 m squared sampling plot. The number of individuals of each species that Student 2 counted in each sampling plot were: Species A: 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0 Species B: 13, 15, 14, 15, 14, 14, 15, 15, 14, 14 Based on the data collected by Student 1, what is the median density of Species A in the grassland habitat he surveyed? A. 1.0 individuals/m squared B. 3.0 individuals/m squared C. 8.5 individuals/m squared D. 10.2 individuals/m squared

Two students wanted to estimate and compare the density of 2 species of plants in a grassland habitat. Student 1 randomly located 10 sampling plots and counted the number of plants of each species in each sampling plot. Each sampling plot was 1 m squared. The number of individuals of each species that Student 1 counted in each sampling plot were: Specie A: 9, 8, 15, 21, 8, 4, 25, 1, 11, 0 Species B: 15, 14, 15, 16, 15, 17, 14, 15, 18, 16 Student 2 was in a hurry and decided to locate his 10 sampling plots in the areas with the least amount of vegetation. He counted the number of plants of each species in each 1 m squared sampling plot. The number of individuals of each species that Student 2 counted in each sampling plot were: Species A: 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0 Species B: 13, 15, 14, 15, 14, 14, 15, 15, 14, 14 Based on the data collected by Student 2, what is the mean density of Species B in the grassland habitat he surveyed? A. 1.5 individuals/m squared B. 5.9 individuals/m squared C. 10.2 individuals/m squared D. 14.3 individuals/m squared

Two students wanted to estimate and compare the density of 2 species of plants in a grassland habitat. Student 1 randomly located 10 sampling plots and counted the number of plants of each species in each sampling plot. Each sampling plot was 1 m squared. The number of individuals of each species that Student 1 counted in each sampling plot were: Species A: 9, 8, 15, 21, 8, 4, 25, 1, 11, 0 Species B: 15, 14, 15, 16, 15, 17, 14, 15, 18, 16 Student 2 was in a hurry and decided to locate his 10 sampling plots in the areas with the least amount of vegetation. He counted the number of plants of each species in each 1 m squared sampling plot. The number of individuals of each species that Student 2 counted in each sampling plot were: Species A: 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0 Species B: 13, 15, 14, 15, 14, 14, 15, 15, 14, 14 Based on the data provided by Student 1, how would you best describe the spatial distribution of Species B relative to Species A? A. Species A appears to be more evenly distributed than Species B. B. Species B appears to be more evenly distributed than Species A. C. Both Species A and Species B appear to be distributed evenly. D. Neither Species A or Species B appear to be distributed evenly.

What is the goal of basic scientific research in biology? A. Finding cures that will prolong human life through the study of disease B. Providing a better understanding of the origin of life in the universe C. Developing a more complete understanding of the interactions within and surrounding living organisms D. Creating a comprehensive set of laws that allow us to predict how matter behaves and interacts

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that can form between a single carbon atom and 1 or more hydrogen atoms? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

What is the primary factor that determines the polarity of a bond between atoms? A. The total number of electrons involved in the bond B. The total number of protons and neutrons in both atoms C. The difference in the relative attraction of electrons to each atom D. The difference in the relative attraction of protons to each atom

What trait of an ATP molecule enabled it to store energy for use by cells? A. Its small size B. Its solubility in water C. Its ability to form hydrogen bonds D. Its phosphate-phosphate bond

When Jim used a compound light microscope to study plant cells, he cracked the glass specimen slide. Which microscope technique most likely caused him to crack the slide? A. Using coarse focus with the low power lens B. Using coarse focus with the high power lens C. Using fine focus with the low power lens D. Using fine focus with the high power lens

What is the best definition of a scientific theory? A. An explanation of how and why a natural phenomenon behaves the way it does B. A description of an invariable relationship that exists in nature C. A speculation or guess about how nature works D. An unproven fact

What is the correct order of organization of all living things from simplest to most complex? A. Atom, cell, organ, organelle, organ system, organism, molecule, tissue B. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism C. Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organism, organ system D. Organelle, atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

An organ system includes tissue

What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system?

When a small neutral molecule becomes an ion, in which way is it better able to function? A. Dissolving in blood plasma B. Sharing electrons with other ions C. Combining with ions of similar charges D. Passing through a cell's plasma membrane

Which technique is NOT a proper procedure for a classroom lab activity? A. Using a compound microscope, first focusing on the specimen using a low power, then switching to a higher power B. Turning on the gas of a Bunsen burner to adjust the gas flow, then striking a match to test it C. Determining the odor of a burning substance by fanning, with your hand, the scent from a test tube towards your nose D. Cleaning up liquid that spilled onto the floor immediately

Which experimental design would provide scientists with the best data for investigating which type of feed yields the greatest gain in lean muscle mass in cattle? A. Test 5 different types of cows with the same feed mixture and measure their weight gain at the end of a 6-week trial. B. Test 5 similar groups of cows with 5 different feed mixtures and measure their weight gain at the end of a 6-week trial. C. Test 5 similar groups of cows with the same feed mixture, give each group varying amounts of feed, and measure their weight gain at the end of a 6-week trial D. Test 5 different types of cows with 5 different feed mixtures, give each group varying amounts of feed, and measure their weight gain at the ends of a 6-week trial

Which functional group found in amino acids is absent from monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and glycerol? A. -COOH B. -NH2 C. -OH D. -PO4

Which is the LEAST likely trait of an organic molecule? A. The molecule may exist as isomers. B. The backbone is linear, cyclic, or branched. C. Ionic bonds are present between the atoms. D. Functional groups, such as alcohols, are present.

Which is the best example of a population? A. All the insects in North America B. All the white-tailed deer on an island C. All the bacteria in a person's digestive tract D. All the single-celled creatures in a sample of pond water

Which laboratory safety procedure is most important for a student working with bacterial cultures? A. Storing nutrient agar in a beaker B. Wearing rubber gloves and a lab coat C. Using warm water to clean glassware D. Recording data neatly in a notebook

Which level of hierarchy shown is a community? A. All environments on earth support life B. Savannah C. All organisms in the savannah D. A group of cheetahs

Which of the following best describes the level of biological organization that includes assemblages of different groups of species living within a defined area? A. Organism B. Population C. Community D. Family

Which of the following is most likely an example of an innate behavior? A. A monkey washing its food in a stream after watching another monkey do the same B. A young coyote avoiding porcupines after the porcupine sticks the coyote with its quills C. A sea turtle hatchling orienting itself toward the ocean upon emerging from its underground nest D. A chimpanzee stacking boxes to reach bananas hanging from the ceiling of its enclosure

Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)? A. Urine (pH 6.0) B. Rainwater (pH 5.5) C. Tomato juice (pH 4.0) D. Gastric juice (pH 2.0)

Which of the following statements about genetics is true? A. Genes are proteins that produce DNA B. DNA is made up of 6 nucleotides C. Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA

Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false? A. All organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it B. All organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli in the environment C. All organism have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature

Which of the following statements regarding a common cellular activity is false? A. Cells respond to the environment B. Cells develop and retain a complex organization C. New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles

Which sequence is in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex? A. Muscle, erythrocyte, lipid, mitochondrion, carbon B. Carbon, lipid, erythrocyte, mitochondrion, muscle C. Muscle, mitochondrion, lipid, erythrocyte, carbon D. Carbon, lipid, mitochondrion, erythrocyte, muscle

Which statement most accurately describes the induced fit model of enzyme function? A. Substrate binding is not dependent upon the shape of the active site. B. Competitive inhibitors block the substrate from the active site. C. Substrate binding slightly changes the shape of the enzyme. D. An enzyme creates a permanent bond with the substrate.

While investigating yeast respiration, a researcher detects ethanol in the yeast culture. Which molecules does the yeast culture also contain? A. Lactic acid and ATP B. Oxygen and lactic acid C. Carbon dioxide and ATP D. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Who helped disprove the idea of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from fly eggs and NOT from meat? A. Francesco Redi B. John Needham C. Lazzaro Spallanzani D. Louis Pasteur

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