Biology Student Review Guide Questions

Which three of the following are major functions of proteins? A. Store energy B. Act as chemical messengers C. Major component of cell membranes D. Receptors of chemical signals E. Source of fiber F. Major component of skeletal muscle

A, B, C

Which three elements are commonly found in carbohydrate molecules? A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Phosphorus D. Oxygen E. Nitrogen F. Sulfur

A, B, D

Which three of the following are major functions of fat? A. Insulation against cold B. Short-term energy storage C. Protection of organs D. Long-term energy storage E. Chemical messengers F. Part of cell membranes

A, C, D

Which three of the following are considered carbohydrates? A. Glucose B. Amino acid C. Starch D. Nucleic acid E. Cellulose F. Carbon

A, C, E

Which characteristics are shared by ALL living organisms? A. share a universal genetic code B. are able to make their own food C. are made of one or more cells D. are made of protein E. must use energy from something else F. are able to respond to changes in their environment G. need oxygen to breathe H. maintain a fairly stable internal environment

A, C, E, F, H

Which of the following is considered a monosaccharide? A. glucose B. sucrose C. starch D. cellulose

A. glucose

Which three of the following are considered polysaccharides? A. Glucose B. Fructose C. Cellulose D. Starch E. Chitin F. Galactose

C, D, E

Similar to starch, cellulose is a complex carbohydrate. Which of the following compounds make up cellulose? A. amino acids B. enzymes C. sugars D. lipids

A

Which of the following correctly states the importance of a proteins shape? A. Determines the proteins function B. Determines what type of amino acids are made C. Determines the shape of the DNA D. Determines how much energy is stored in the protein molecule

A

***Look at the diagram below. The substance labeled Maltese is a type of what? A. Lipid B. Carbohydrate C. Enzyme D. Steroid

Pg 37

*** Look at the graph below. A botanist performs an experiment to compare the amounts of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. Which line on the graph represents aerobic respiration- with air or without? A. With air B. Without air

Pg 100

***Which of the following best illustrates a DNA molecule? A. B. C. D.

Pg 32

What are the organic molecules used for long-term energy storage called? A. Starches B. Fats C. Cholesterol D. Sugars

B

Carbohydrates are constantly required by organisms to carry out which main function? A. control cell production B. provide a source of cellular energy C. regulate the body's water supply D. provide body structure

B & D

Through photosynthesis, plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy. Which macromolecules are produced during this process? A. lipids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. nucleic acids

B. carbohydrates

Plants store glucose as a starch. How do animals store glucose? A. cellulose B. lactose C. glycogen D. fructose

C

The monomers of proteins are called A. Nitrogenous acids B. Nucleic acids C. Amino acids D. Nitrogenous bases

C

Which kind of lipids acts as chemical messengers? A. Fatty acids B. Waxes C. Steroid hormones D. Phospholipids

C

Proteins are found in all cell types and tissues. Contrasted to proteins found in skeletal tissue, what is the main function of proteins found in antibodies? A. Provide storage for elements B. To allow muscle movement C. Provide storage for energy D. To protect against disease

D

What is the main function of phospholipids? A. Chemical messengers B. Waterproof covering C. Long-term energy storage D. Major component of cell membranes

D

***The diagram shows the typical structure of what? A. glucose material B. fat molecule C. monosaccharide D. starch molecule

D. starch molecule

What are the two parts of a fat molecule? A. Phospholipids B. Glycogen C. Carbohydrates D. Cholesterol E. Glycerol F. Fatty acids

E & F

*** Look at the graph below. A botanist performs an experiment to compare the amounts of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. The botanist concluded that plants create more energy when they have air than when they are deprived of air. How does the data justify the conclusion? A. The carbon dioxide in the air acts as a catalyst to speed up plant metabolism B. Without the oxygen present in the air, plants can't convert glucose into energy C. The volume of carbon dioxide produced over time indicates that plants can produce energy with it without oxygen D. A greater production of carbon dioxide indicates a more efficient conversion of glucose into energy

Pg 100

***Look at the graph below. In their experiments, students used glucose as the sugar being fermented. A group of students wanted to experiment further to see if different types of sugar would affect the rate of fermentation. Which type of sugar showed the greatest rate of fermentation? A. Lactose B. Fructose C. Glucose D. Sucrose

Pg 102

***Look at the graphs below. A class if biology students performed a series of experiments to determine optimum rates of fermentation for a particular strain of yeast. For this strain of yeast, how does yeast concentration affect the rate of fermentation? A. As yeast concentration increases, rate of fermentation decreases B. As yeast concentration increases, rate it fermentation increases C. Rate of fermentation is greatest at an optimum yeast concentration around 30 grams per liter D. Concentration of yeast has little effect on rate of fermentation

Pg 102

***Look at the graphs below. A class if biology students performed a series of experiments to determine optimum rates of fermentation for a particular strain of yeast. For this strain of yeast, what are the optimum conditions for maximizing the rate of fermentation? A. Temp less than 10 degrees Celsius and pH less than 2 B. Temp greater than 50 degrees Celsius and pH of greater than 8 C. Temp around 30 degrees Celsius and pH around 4.5 D. Temp around 40 degrees Celsius and any pH level

Pg 102

***Look at the diagram below. Which process is represented by the question mark? A. Photosynthesis B. Fermentation C. Aerobic respiration D. Chemosynthesis

Pg 107

*Look at the chemical reaction that takes place in plants and yeasts. Which process is represented by this reaction? A. Photosynthesis B. Fermentation C. Aerobic respiration D. Glycolysis

Pg 107

***Look at the diagram below. It represents the gas exchange relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What does the arrow label 1 represent? A. Water B. Glucose C. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide

Pg 108

***Look at the diagram below. It represents the gas exchange relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What does the arrow label 2 represent? A. Water B. Glucose C. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide

Pg 108

***Look at the graph below. This graph could be used to represent which cellular process? A. Photosynthesis B. Cellular respiration C. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis D. Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis

Pg 109

***Look at the graphs below. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is often used to ferment glucose into carbon dioxide and ethanol. These graphs show different factors affect the rate of fermentation. In the presence of oxygen Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo either fermentation or aerobic respiration depending on the amount of glucose represent. Which of the following would you expect to increase when aerobic respiration is taking place? A. Amount of ethanol produced B. Amount of carbon dioxide produced C. Amount of glucose produced D. Amount of oxygen produced

Pg 110

***Look at the graphs below. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is often used to ferment glucose into carbon dioxide and ethanol. These graphs show how different factors affect the rate of fermentation. In a lab, a 15% glucose solution is fermented at 10 degrees Celcius and at a pH of 4.5. According to the data above, which two factors could be adjusted to increase the rate of fermentation? A. Decrease the initial percentage of glucose B. Increase the initial percentage of glucose C. Decrease the temp D. Increase the temp E. Decrease the pH F. Increase the pH

Pg 110

** Look at the diagram below of a parent hydra and it's budding offspring. The parent hydra has 30 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will the offspring have? A. 15 B. 30 C. 45 D. 60

Pg 123

*** Look at the diagram below. The diagram illustrates the process of conjugation in E. Coli bacteria. Which of the following statements best explains what takes place in this process? A. It will produce 2 genetically identical offspring to the parents B. It will produce 2 genetically unique offspring to each of the parents C. It allows for the exchange of genetic material, but produces no new offspring D. It doesn't allow genetic material exchange, but produces new offspring

Pg 133

***The diagram below shows an amino acid. What is the group containing nitrogen called? A. Nucleic acid group B. Amino group C. Polypeptide group D. Saccharide group

Pg 22

***The following diagram is a chemical reaction. What type of bond is formed as a result of this chemical reaction? A. Hydrogen B. Glycosidic C. Ionic D. Peptide

Pg 22

***The diagram below represents an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction. What is the label A represent? A. Substrate-enzyme complex B. Product C. Active site D. Enzyme E. Reactant substrate

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction. What is the label B represent? A. Substrate-enzyme complex B. Product C. Active site D. Enzyme E. Reactant substrate

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction. What is the label C represent? A. Substrate-enzyme complex B. Product C. Active site D. Enzyme E. Reactant substrate

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction. What is the label D represent? A. Substrate-enzyme complex B. Product C. Active site D. Enzyme E. Reactant substrate

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents an enzyme catalyzing a chemical reaction. What is the label E represent? A. Substrate-enzyme complex B. Product C. Active site D. Enzyme E. Reactant substrate

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label A represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label B represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label C represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label D represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label E represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***The diagram below represents two chemical reactions. One curve represents a chemical reaction taking place without an enzyme, the other contains an enzyme. What is the label F represent? A. Product B. Reactant C. Uncatalyzed reaction D. Catalyzes reaction E. Activation with enzyme F. Activation without enzyme

Pg 27

***A group of students is conducting a lab investigation on a chemical reaction. An enzyme is present during the chemical change, and the reaction rate is recorded at various temperatures. The results are graphed below. What would be the most likely explanation of these results? A. Investigation was flawed and should be repeated B. Reaction is complete C. Enzyme was removed from the reaction D. Enzyme began to lose the ability to function at higher temperatures

Pg 28

***Consider the metabolic pathway below. Which substance is responsible for inhibiting enzyme 1? A. Substrate 1 B. Enzyme 2 C. Enzyme 3 D. Substrate 4

Pg 28

*** Based on the diagrams, catalase best works in a A. Strongly acidic solution B. Weakly acidic solution C. Neutral solution D. Strongly basic solution

Pg 29

***Based on the diagrams, which of the following two test tubes would best represent solutions in which the catalase enzyme has been denatured? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

Pg 29

***Based on the diagrams, which statement best supports the students observations? A. Exposing catalase to extremely high pH yields high enzyme activity B. Exposing catalase to extremely low pH yields no enzyme activity C. Exposing catalase to neutral pH yields no enzyme activity D. Exposing catalase to a pH below 2 or above 10 yields maximum enzyme activity

Pg 29

***The diagram below represents a portion of a deoxyribonucleic acid. Which sequence of base pairs along the bottom complements the base pairs labeled on top side of the nucleic acid? A. ATGC B. UACG C. TACG D. GCAU

Pg 32

***The diagram below shows a portion of a nucleic acid and nucleotide sequence. Which of the following best describes this nucleic acid? A. Double-stranded DNA B. Double-stranded RNA D. Single-stranded RNA E. Single-stranded DNA

Pg 32

*** Identify the molecule below. to the word bank. Choices: A. Saturated fatty acid B. Starch C. Nucleotide D. Steroid E. Amino acid F. Unsaturated fatty acid G. Fat H. Glucose

Pg 33

***The diagram below shows a molecule of cellulose. Cellulose is classified as which of the following? A. Polysaccharide B. Amino acid C. Nucleic acid D. Steroid

Pg 36

***The diagram below shows a monomers of a macromolecule. What macromolecule has a structure made up of monomers similar to this one? A. Nucleic acids B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D. Fatty acids

Pg 36

***The curves graphed below represent the same chemical reaction, one catalyzes by enzymes and one uncatalyzed. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the uncatalyzed reaction? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Pg 38

***The diagram below shows a nucleic acid. What structure makes this nucleic acid RNA rather than DNA? A. Molecule contains phosphate groups instead of nitrogen groups B. Molecule contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine C. Molecule contains no nitrogenous bases D. Molecule contains complementary base pairs

Pg 38

***Part A: Which macromolecule is being former in the polymerization reaction below? A. Protein B. Disaccharide C. Triglyceride D. DNA ***Part B: what is one of the functions of the macromolecule identified in part A? A. Controlling immune responses B. Building muscle C. Providing energy for cells D. Storing genetic information

Pg 39

*** The diagram below represents a metabolic pathway that uses enzymes to create various substrates. Which of the following accurately describes the interactions between enzymes and substrates? A. Each substrate is converted to a new product by the same enzyme B. Each enzyme is created as a substrate decomposes in a series of chemical reactions C. Final product in the pathway regulates enzyme 1 activity D. Final enzyme inhibits the creation of additional end product substrate

Pg 40

***Catalase is an enzyme found in the liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen gas (O2). 2H2O2 > (catalase) 2H2O + O2 In biology class, a student performed an experiment on the catalase enzyme to determine its activity at different pH levels. The greater the number of bubbles of oxygen produced, the greater the catalase activity. She graphed her results below. Based on the students graphed results, which statement best supports her observations? A. Works best at a neutral pH around 7 B. Denatured at all pH levels above 7 C. Activity is greatest in acidic solutions below 3 and in basic solutions above 8 D. Activity is largely unaffected by pH

Pg 40

***While conducting a lab experiment comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, a student completes the following data table for cell #1. ✅=yes ❌=no Based on the students analysis, cell #1 is most likely which kind of cell? A. Animal B. Fungal C. Plant D. Bacterial

Pg 46

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell controls cellular processes and contains DNA?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell controls what goes in and out?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell has jelly-like fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus that fills the space between organelles?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell help make proteins?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell helps package and distribute proteins and lipids in the cell?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell is found only in plant cells and contains chlorophyll?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell is the "powerhouse" that produces energy?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell produces and transports materials like proteins?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell produces ribosomes?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell provides extra support for plant and fungus cells?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell stores water, salts, wastes, etc?

Pg 49

***What part of a eukaryotic plant cell surrounds the fluid part of the nucleus and allows ribosomes and ions to exit the nucleus?

Pg 49

***Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free oxygen present in a body of water due to air flow or produces as a plant byproduct. Carbon dioxide in ponds is produced by respiration from aquatic plants and animals. The graph to the right shows the daily cycle of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a freshwater shrimp pond. The activity in which two organelles directly impacts CO2 and O2 levels in the pond? A. Golgi apparatus B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Chloroplasts E. Nucleolus F. Centrosome

Pg 50

***Use the diagram. What cellular process takes place in the structures labeled #1? A. Formation of mitosis spindle B. DNA replication C. Lipid packaging D. Intracellular digestion

Pg 54

***Use the diagram. Which labeled structure coverts the energy in food into energy for use in cellular processes? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Pg 54

***The diagram of the cell below is most likely which type of cell? A. Bacteria B. Plant C. Animal D. Fungus

Pg 63

***Which diagram below shows a plant cell?

Pg 63

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Classified as either rough or smooth; responsible for producing and transporting materials A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Contains specialized enzymes that help to modify, package, sort, and distribute proteins and lipids to other areas outside the cell A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Creates cellular energy by converting glucose A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Creates proteins by forming peptide bonds between amino acids A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Made up of microtubules and plays an important role in cell division A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Look at the animal cell diagram below. Label and identify the organelle by its function: Stores cellular DNA and control most of the processes that take place in the cell A B C D E F

Pg 64

***Study the plant cell diagram below. The organelle marked by the arrow is responsible for cellular energy. What is this organelle? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Nucleus

Pg 64

*** A cross-section of a plant stem is shown in the diagram below. The epidermis is made up of a single layer of cells that protect the internal structure of the stem. The epidermis represents which level of organization in a plant? A. Tissue B. Organ C. System D. Organism

Pg 66

*** The diagram below represents diffusion through the cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the role of the protein channel in moving the materials through the cell membrane? A. Allows ions to permanently bond and create new compounds once inside the cell B. Allows sugars and ions to be removed from the cell against the concentration gradient C. Allows sugars and ions to cross into the cell with the concentration gradient D. Allows energy to be used to move large molecules and ions across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient

Pg 72

*** In the diagram below, an animal cell with a salt concentration is placed in a solution. Choose the best description of what will happen to the cell. A. Water will move out of the cell and will shrink B. Water will move into the cell and will swell C. The cell will remain the same size because there will be no net movement of water

Pg 77

*** Look at the table below and answer this question: A group of students observe five cells and the surrounding liquid in which they are placed as shown in the table. Which beakers will have a net movement of water from the cell to the surrounding solution? Select all that apply. A. Beaker 1 B. Beaker 2 C. Beaker 3 D. Beaker 4 E. Beaker 5

Pg 78

***Look at the diagram below and answer the question. Using a compound light microscope, a student observed the reaction of an Elodea leafs cell to a 10% sucrose solution. After a few minutes , she notices that the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. Which of the following processes us the student observing in this plant cell? A. Crenation B. Bursting C. Turgor pressure D. Plasmolysis

Pg 78

*** Answer the question about active transport: Look at the table below and answer the question. In a selectively permeable membrane, specific particle are able to cross the membrane only with the use of energy. Based on the table, which particle is being moved by active transport through the cell membrane? A. Oxygen molecules B. Water molecules C. Potassium ions D. Glucose molecules

Pg 81

***Look at the diagram below. What process does it show? A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Endocytosis

Pg 83

***Look at the diagram below. What process does it show? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Osmosis C. Actively transport D. Endocytosis

Pg 83

***Look at the diagram below. What will happen to the cell? A. Lose water and shrink B. Swell with water C. Gain sodium ions D. Remain the same size

Pg 83

***Look at the cell cycle diagram below. Which point in the cell cycle represents its completion before it begins again? A. After M phase B. After G1 phase C. After S phase D. After G2 phase

Pg. 137

***Look at the diagram below that represents a dividing cell. Which cell reproduction process is illustrated in this diagram? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Replication D. Reproduction

Pg. 138

***Look at the diagram below. Which of the following best describes the process and outcome illustrated? A. DNA replication producing identical daughter cells B. DNA replication producing non-identical daughter cells C. Mitosis producing identical daughter cells D. Meiosis producing non-identical daughter cells

Pg. 138

***Look at the DNA strand below and fill in the complement blanks. A. CGUUGT B. CGAAGT C. ATCCTG D. TAGGAC

Pg. 144

***Look at the diagram below. Human macrophages are specialized white blood cells that are able to attack and "swallow" bacteria in order to fight or prevent bacterial infection. Macrophages have many lysosomes that contain enzymes to dissolve the protein engulfed bacterium cell. What process are these cells specifically designed to carry out? A. Osmosis B. Endocytosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Exocytosis

Pg. 84

***Look at the graph below. Human kidney cells function to regulate oxygen he concentration of water and minerals in the blood. The graph shows that as the concentration of water increases outside the cells, more and more water molecules enter the cells. Which two statements are accurate conclusions that can be drawn from this graph? A. Water is nonpolar B. Lysosomes are regulating the action of the kidney cell membranes C. Kidney cell membranes are selectively permeable to water D. Movement of water across the kidney cell membranes requires energy E. Water enters the kidney cells through osmosis

Pg. 84

***Label the diagrams below using the terms ADP, adenine, ATP, energy, phosphates, and ribose sugar. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Pg. 87 and 88

***Look at the diagram below. It summarizes the light dependent and independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis. Identify the reactants and products in each step and the type of energy either stored or released. Use the terms carbon dioxide, glucose, light, long-term chemical energy (LTCE), oxygen, short-term chemical energy (STCE), and water. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pg. 93