Biology Term 3 Test 3 Study Guide

How to Find the Minimum Age of the Earth

#of meters given multiplied by a meter of sediment's age

Drought Effects on Birds

- Birds with bigger beaks survive well - Seeds are only big - Birds with small beaks die out over time - Small beak advantage trait passed to offspring - overall population will plummet over time

Extreme Rainfall Effects on Birds

- Birds with smaller beaks survive well - Seeds come in many varieties, mostly small - Birds with bigger beaks die out over time - Bigger beak advantage trait is passed to offspring - overall population will double over time

Examples of Natural Selection

- adaptations are traits that allow an organism to deal with environmental conditions - mole rats have large claws and teeth, but tiny eyes, which allows them to dig very well, but not to see aboveground -ancestral mole rats had larger eyes and smaller claws. So the traits of the mole rat population have changed over time.

Biochemistry

- all known organisms use nucleic acid as the hereditary material - organisms with great physical similarity have great similarity in their nucleic acid sequences - organisms with similar nucleic acids share similar amino acid sequences in their protein sequences.

Embryology

- fish, birds, apes and humans all show similar stages of embryological development - the more closely related two organisms are, the closer their embryology.

Fossils

- living things are found at the surface. - when they die, they get buried. - the hard parts of their bodies fossilize - carbon atoms get replaced with silicon atoms, so the bones turn to rock). - soil forms at the surface. -remains left behind by animals are found at all layers. -older rocks have simpler animals -younger rocks have more complex animals.

Describe two methods by which these traits may have been introduced into the family tree.

- recessive traits not seen in grandparents - married in traits

Vestigial Structure (Currently Useless)

- some body parts seem to have no functional purpose at all - this is seen as evidence that the organism possessing them is changing from an ancestral form that DID use them for some purpose.

Homologous Structures (Similar Features in Different Animals)

- this similarity is seen as evidence that two organisms shared a common ancestor at some point in the past - whales, crocodiles, birds and humans have a similar forearm structure (pentadactyl limb)

How do organisms use their forearms?

- to support their weight - to pick things up

Disruptive Selection (When Barrier Formed)

- when a population experiences selection pressure on the average form of the trait, so that only the extreme forms remain -this rapidly drives speciation because of the mechanisms of isolation. - Average hump on graph sinks in 2 humps remain on opposite ends

Stabilizing Selection

- when the environment stays the same for long time periods, there is no reason for new traits to spread since there is no selective pressure. - this makes the population more homogeneous. - Average hump on graph goes super high

What made Darwin wait for more than 20 years to publish his work?

Because his argument and evidence are unacceptable to make, and people who have made arguments similar to his were ridiculed

How were the islands colonized?

By plants and creatures from distant continents

Charles Darwin Learned About Geological Processes How?

Charles Lyell's book called Principles of Geology- He talks about the process of uniformitarianism

Humerus

Closest to body

What were two errors Darwin made with the finches?

1. He doesn't record where he found them 2. He lumps them together

Non Steroid Hormone Action

1. Non Steroid Hormone (first messenger) goes to the Receptor Protein 2. Receptor Protein is on Plasma Membrane 3. The hormone clicks into the receptor protein like a seatbelt and turns on the enzyme above it 4. cAMP (second messenger) is the product of the enzyme reaction 5. The effect of the cAMP's presence is glycogen breakdown

Steroid Hormone Action

1. Steroid Hormone Enters Membrane 2. Receptor Protein in Nucleus 3. When the hormone steroid and protein receptor meet they form a Hormone-Receptor Complex 4. The complex is formed in the Nucleus's DNA 5. Result of the bond is mRNA 6. Result of mRNA is a new protein

What Year Did He Leave?

1831

When did Darwin publish "On the Origin of Species"?

1859

Charles Darwin's Age of HMS Beagle Boarding

22

How old was Darwin when he returned to England?

27

How old was Darwin when he figured out natural selection?

29

How many years into the expedition did the HMS Beagle reach the Galapagos?

4 years

How Long Did He Spend on the Galapagos?

5 weeks

What was Malthus' idea that provided inspiration to Darwin?

Human populations grow until they run out of food, and there is a race to be the strongest because the strongest will survive, while the less-strong will not; a struggle for existence, competition for resources

Coral Atoll

Islands made of coral, often near volcanic seamount

Radius

Left bone- 2nd closest to body

What did Darwin study on the way home from the Galapagos?

Mockingbirds that he collected in the Galapagos

At this time, did Darwin believe that species were the unchanging product of a creator?

No

Did Darwin's conclusions make him less of a believer?

No

Rheas?

North of Rio Negro- Common Rhea-Bigger South of Rio Negro- Lesser Rhea- Smaller

How does the variety of life on land in the Galapagos compare to what is in the sea?

On the Galapagos there are few types of trees, land is sparse and wildlife is sparse, but the sea is teeming with creatures and wildlife.

3 Birds That Do Not Fly and Wing Functions

Penguins- fins- swimming Steamer- paddles- swimming Ostrich- sails- running

Ulna

Right bone- 2nd closest to body

How are grandchildren related to their grandparents?

Some traits from grandparents, all grandkids show at least one trait from their grandparents

What happens to favorable variations? What happens to unfavorable variations?

The favorable are preserved, unfavorable are destroyed

How do mockingbirds differ from each other?

The mockingbirds have different beaks, some are long and curved, while others are short and straight.

What conclusion did Darwin make based on the discovery of sea shells high atop the mountains?

The rocks are filled with seashells, so Darwin discovers the rock layers are filled with fossils stacked on top of each other and it goes on for miles.

What If There Was No Receptor Protein?

There would be -No glycogen breakdown -No mRNA would be created -No hormone receptor complex -No new proteins would be created

Varves Per Milimeter

Total Varves/ block height mm

First and Second Messengers

Transmit protein (Non Steroid Hormone) chemical signals through endocrine system

How Long Does It Take For 1 Meter of Sediment to Form

Varves Per Millimeter multiplied by 1000

Varves Per Meter

Varves Per Millimeter multiplied by 1000

Species

a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Geographic Isolation

barriers created between once originally one species, after so much time of adapting new traits due to adapting with the new environment, the one species is considered 2 species on each side and can mate but only produce infertile children

Malthus (Dismal Theory)

birth rate of all organisms exceeds ability of the environment to supply food. Therefore, there will always be a shortage of resources and a struggle for existence

Hormones

chemicals that cause target cells to change their activity and do new things

Reproductive Isolation / Physiological Isolation

differences that develop in reproductive cycles or structures can prevent populations from interbreeding -this creates separate populations that can each accumulate variations

One major observation Darwin made was that different islands have ____species

different

Nervous System

everything is connected impulses are transmitted signal speed is instantaneous main parts are brain and spine

Metacarpals and Phalanges

fingers- farthest from body

Did Charles Originally Plan on Studying Evolution?

heck no

Did Darwin always believe that the origin of life had a scientific explanation?

heck no

Circulatory System

helps carry hormone signals through the endocrine system and helps endocrine system connect more

Fossil size of mammals that Darwin found compared to the ones that live today?

much bigger

Alfred Wallace Theory

new species appear and replace existing ones, which die out

Varve (Year)

one dark line + one light line

Lamarck's Theory (Use and Dissuse)- True

organisms change over time due to demands of the environment

Endocrine System

organs in system do not touch main parts are brain and spine made up of many glands

James Hutton and Charles Lyell (Uniformitarianism)

processes we see now are the same ones that have always been acting -the rate at which geological change occurs is slow, therefore the Earth must be very old.

Lamarck's Theory (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics)- False

the accumulated changes in individuals over many generations result in the development of new forms of organism (new species)

Why do the islands have palm trees but no frogs?

the frog's ancestors cannot cross the ocean, but palm trees could be transported across the ocean.

Protein- Non Steroid Hormone

they are amino acids their atoms are electrically charged they have an NH+ group--------COO- group they are hydrophilic and travel slow

Lipids- Steroid Hormone

they are cholesterol they have lots of carbon and water they have 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon they are hydrophobic and travel fast

What did Darwin sketch in his secret notebooks?

A family tree where each branch is a different species

How many of the organisms in the third generation exhibit one or more traits that are not shown in one of the grandparents?

All of them

What is natural selection?

Any trait gives an organism a small chance of survival and advantage will be passed down, and over time the trait will become stronger and more common, causing the species to change; a difference in a trait can determine how successful an organism is

The Glyptodont looks a lot like an enormous...

Armadillo

Directional Selection

when selection pressures act on one end of the range of phenotypes

Vestigial Structure Examples

wisdom teeth, appendix, hen's teeth, whale pelvis and leg bones, snake pelvis

Carpals

wrist bone- between hand and arm

Lamarck's Dumb Thoughts

He assumed that there was some moldable inheritance factor that you could change by manipulating the outside (the phenotype)

Why Did Charles Get Off the Boat So Much?

He got sea sick very easily

Weismann (IOAC Theory Tester)

He had tails cut off for 50 generations, but average length of tails of each generation stayed the same

Endocrine Signals

Carries chemical signals very slow

How did these traits get passed on through the generations from parent to offspring?

DNA