Biology Test 1
Monkeypox has DNA as its genome. Once the supplies of vaccine are more readily available, would you expect that once immunized, people would have to get repeated boosters like for SARS CoV 2? Why or why not?
Unlike CoV 2, whose genome consists of viral RNA, Monkeypox has DNA. Therefore, it's polymerase that replicates genomes has the ability to proofread its copies before going through with the replication. So, no mutations will occur unlike viruses with RNA polymerase which can't proofread during replication
Lined to bats (either direct contact with bats or bat products or via other animal hosts)
nipah, SARS, Ebola West Africa, Ebola DRC, MERS
adaptive immune response inactivated
only B cells released
B cells
release Ab (antibodies) which will block virus from binding/entering cell
4 ways viruses can differ from one another
size, shape of capsid, type of nucleic acid, presence of envelope
T cells
specifically cytotoxic T cells will attack and kill virus infected cells
was not actually a pandemic
swine Flu 1976
How does SARS CoV 2 "know" that it has found the cell that will allow reproduction of the virus
the protein spikes/crowns on the virus scan for the right cell to latch onto. once they find the human cells, they latch and hijack the cell.
Pandemic with RNA genome
West Nile virus
which pandemic(s) is zoonotic
West Nile virus, 2009 panh1n1, nipah, sars, ebola west africa, mers, ebola, zika
Why is the vaccine the most effective prevention for a viral infection
the vaccine mimics the primary exposure to pathogens, so B and T cells are made specific to the pathogens prote9
A monoclonal Ab recognizes and binds to one particular part of the spike protein and keeps it from attaching to cells. Why would this work as an effective anti-viral?
this ensures that the spike protein cant bind to the cell so that it no longer has hosts to keep replicating and spreading
Which pandemic spread from mosquitoes
Zika 2014-15 and West Nile virus
If DNA doesn't ever leave the nucleus, how is the information carried from the DNA to the ribosome?
a mRNA carries the information from DNA in nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm to make proteins
There is a new viral outbreak on WFU campus. It is caused by the Demon Deac virus - anyone infected turns into the Demon Deacon after 3 weeks post infection What mode of transmission would lead to a high infection rate on campus?
aerosol transmission
what is an envelope
analogous to plasma membrane and it forms from plasma membranes of cells
reservoir
animal host of a zoonotic disease (bats, rodents, cows, pigs, sheep, swine)
why are antibodies effective against SARS CoV 2 infection?
antibodies binding to spike prevent spike from attaching to lock on cells so virus can't get it- on infection
Which of the following would more likely cause a pandemic that last years? Briefly, why? a. one that has 50% lethality and spread by bodily fluid b. one that has 2% lethality and spread by aerosols c. one that has 35% lethality and spread by ingestion
b. one that has 2% lethality and spread by aerosols
A monoclonal Ab recognizes and binds to one particular part of the spike protein and keeps it from attaching to cells. If Monoclonal Ab 1 worked really well against the delta strain of SARS CoV 2, why would it not work on the Omicron strain or other strains currently circulating in the population?
because the virus mutated the monoclonal Ab might not recognize the bind to the part of the spike protein that is necessary in order to be able to bind the cell
what are the other two types of flu based from animals
bird and swine
adaptive immune response attenuated
both B and T cells released!!!!
genome is part of how we _______ viruses
characterize
what is the genome of all cells- bacterial or ours?
double stranded DNA- no exceptions
what is most likely the origin of SARS CoV2
evidence that wild animals at the seafood market were carrying the virus
shape of capsid
icosahedral or helical
what is the danger between the 3 different types of influenza
if someone was infected with two of them (bird and human) they could create a new virus causing a pandemic
vector
intermediate organism, to be transmitted from one type of host to another (mosquitos)
Was SARS CoV2 a lab leak or zoonoses
it was a zoonoses because there was no evidence for the lab leak but for the wild animal market
what contributed to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic?
large hog farms led to lots of opportunities for transmission. Trade, roots, and importation of hogs from multiple countries
viral component of attenuated vaccine
live virus is administered directly to the patient, able to replicate // it could have RNA or DNA genome- just the problem is that if RNA more likely to mutate and cause disease
what characteristics of living organisms do viruses share with our cells?
- made IN cells (not necessarily made up of cells) -evolution (especially RNA viruses) -adaption -genetic material -ability to reproduce (but only in a cell)
what characteristics of living organisms do viruses also have
- made of proteins and glycoproteins like cells do - they have a genome but it isn't always dna -they evolve
Once the RNA genome of SARS CoV2 gets into our cells, what happens next?
- virus takes over cellular ribosomes to make spike proteins and RNA polymerase - rna polymerase transcribes the RNA genome -proteins and rna genome self assemble into a full virus which then leaves cell and infects other hosts
which viruses are more likely to cause a pandemic- viruses with RNA genome or DNA genome?
- viruses with RNA genome - they dont have the ability to proofread, often causing mutations or error - sometimes mutations allow the virus to have selective advantage making it easier to spread and infect more people -example (PCL)
Define Virus
-infectious agent -only reproduce within a host organism -made of proteins (capsid) -genome (RNA or DNA) -envelope (phospholipids membrane outside capsid)
what are two main reasons SARS is still spreading in the US and the World
-mutations increase ability for it to adapt to environments -economic disadvantages in countries such as africa
how is a virus envelope like a cell membrane (plasma membrane)
-plasma membrane acts as boundary made up of phospholipids and proteins -proteins act as pores to help move things in and out of a cell - similar to plasma membrane the envelope acts as an outer wrapping of a virus -envelope made of phospholipids and proteins just like CPM
a friend of yours has refused to get the flu vaccine because it isn't natural- it is not like your own adaptive immune response. What would you tell them to explain to them how vaccines are natural?
-vaccine is inactivated whole virus that injects virus into your body, so when exposed to your immune system, you will naturally create antibodies -mimics what happens in an infection without making you sick/mimic a primary adaptive response so your body has memory cells -then when it is flu season memory kicks in *B cells make Ab that bind to virus so virus can's enter cells-virus key is blocked by ab so can fit in cells lock
how do viruses differ from cells in types of genomes?
-viruses can have RNA or DNA as their genome -RNA or DNA genome can be single stranded, double stranded)
List characteristics of all living organisms
1. cellular organization (have cells) 2. they can reproduce 3. they grow and develop 4. homeostasis 5. ability to adapt
Which pandemic lined to large hog farm in Mexico and import of Swine from other countries
2009 pan H1N1
how many pieces of genome does the flu virus have
8
what do all viruses require from a living cell?
ALL viruses require RIBOSOMES to make their proteins (big part of reason why they need to replicate/reproduce)
some viruses have an envelope. how is a virus envelope analogous to in an eukaryotic cell
virus envelope is analogous to a eukaryotic cell's cell membrane
Once the SARS CoV 2 vaccine was available, predict the outcome of the pandemic if 80-90% of population was vaccinated within the first month of vaccine availability.
Although the virus will continue to mutate in response to the vaccine, in the grand scheme of things the outbreak will be greatly reduced and fewer people will be infected.
zonotic
virus that transmits from animals to humans
viral component of inactivated vaccine
DEAD/Killed, unable to replicate virus is administered to the patient, cannot mutate // could have DNA OR RNA genome
all cells have _______ as their genome, but viruses can have _______ and ______ as their genomes
DNA, DNA, RNA
which pandemics are translated by unprotected sex
Ebola west africa 2014-6 and HIV
T or F: genome of SARS CoV 2 is copied by the cell's polymerase
False polymerase can only use DNA as template to make more DNA- no cell has an RNA polymerase so if virus needs an RNA polymerase it has to make it in the cell (using cell ribosomes)
hat is one reason that polio virus has been detected in New York, London and Israel?
Fewer people are getting vaccinated, and children born during COVID-19 or through home births will not necessarily receive their vaccines. Additionally, the Salk vaccine only offers B cell protection because it is an inactive virus which would provide less immune protection for the circulating vaccine strain of polio.
which pandemic most closely related to chimps/non human primates virus
HIV
Why is HIV so genetically diverse?
HIV is so genetically diverse because its RNA genome copies into DNA which is the most error prone process. It likely has also had time to become genetically diverse due to the stigma surrounding the virus. as well as the hit virus was circulating in African populations before spreading to Europe and America.
this pandemic is caused by a virus that has most errors in the genomes and is the most genetically diverse
HIV, West Nile virus, 2009 panH1N1 (swine flu), Nipah, SARS, Ebola West Africa, Zika, Mers, Ebola DRC
what are 3 contributing factors to recent and future viral pandemics?
International travel, health care, class system/ sanitation
humans are infected via contact with animals
MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome)
When physicians and nurses returned to the US after volunteering with Doctors without Borders during 2014-16 Ebola Outbreak, people in the US were fearful of being in the same room and breathing the same air with asymptomatic physicians and nurses. Based on what you learned about Ebola, was that a likely way for Ebola virus to spread?
No, Ebola spreads through bodily fluids. Though the asymptomatic people could have been carrying the virus (extremely unlikely), they should not be worried about breathing the same air. It does not spread through aerosols
There is a new viral outbreak on WFU campus. It is caused by the Demon Deac virus - anyone infected turns into the Demon Deacon after 3 weeks post infection tests have been developed to detect individuals that are infected- What would be most sensitive test -PCR (GENOME), antigen (had been exposed), or antibody (been vaccinated or had infected)
PCR because testing for genome is MOST sensitive test and detects lowest amount of virus component
What is one reason that monkeypox has become more widespread in recent years?
People stopped getting vaccinated against smallpox in the 80's, which is thought to be contributing to the recent rise in monkeypox cases. The smallpox vaccine is 85% effective against monkeypox, so individuals who have been vaccinated against smallpox would likely also be protected against monkeypox. Additionally, recent cases of monkeypox have presented as genital pain instead of a rash, so it may be harder to recognize
hosts
REQUIRED for proteins translation/protein synthesis- Virus needs cell's machinery to replicate
4 characteristics of viral genomes that may very among viruses
RNA or DNA, single stranded or double stranded, one piece or many pieces, linear or circular
There is a new viral outbreak on WFU campus. It is caused by the Demon Deac virus - anyone infected turns into the Demon Deacon after 3 weeks post infection if this virus infection were to become a pandemic, is the virus genome more likely DNA or RNA? Why?
RNA, more strains due to there being mutations, which will require more vaccines, and thus will result in it being harder to combat. This is the case because mutations with a selective advantage will make the virus more infective and those strains will spread across the viral population
Which pandemic spread by aerosols
SARS, 2009 pan H1N1, MERS