Biology: Test 2

Organ system that is responsible for transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones, within the body?

Cardiovascular system

Multicellular organisms

Cells generally dependent on each other for their survival (individuals cannot live independent of the organism) -cell function highly differentiated/specialized -complexity highly varied

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy and in which the products have less energy than the original reactants

Individuals who visit an orthopedic surgeon are having problems with what organ system?

Skeletal system

Double membrane

Structure of Chloroplasts

System of protein fibers

Structure of Cytoskeleton

Flattened membranous sacs

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

Double membrane

Structure of Mitochondria

Plasma membrane, cell wall, cilia and flagella

Structures of the cell surface

True

T/F: According to cell theory, cells are the basic structural and functional units of life

True

T/F: Cells can be thought of in somewhat the same way we think of a manufacturing plant

True

T/F: Organization is a basic characteristic of life

True

T/F: The nucleus also contains structures for transcribing the genetic information into RNA

True

T/F: energy can be transformed from one form to another

a) Gives the cell its shape and structural stability b) Cell movement c) Movement of materials within a cell

Function of Cytoskeleton

a) Storage b) Transportation of materials within the cell

Functions of Vacuoles/Vesicles

Function of Plasma Membrane

a) Controls what enters and leaves the cell b) Communication

Structure of Cell Wall (in plants, fungi, and bacteria)

a) No membrane b) Carbohydrate fibers in a carbohydrate or protein matrix

Structure of Plasma Membrane

a) Phospholipid bilayer b) Transport and receptor proteins c) Cholesterol (a steroid)

Which organelle provides structural support and protection for the cell?

Cell wall

Move the cell through fluid (cilia and flagella) or move fluid past the cell

Function of Cilia and Flagella

Package and transport proteins from the rough ER toward the plasma membrane

Function of Golgi Apparatus

a) Power station for the cell b) Synthesizes ATP c) Converts ATP to be used in the cell

Function of Mitochondria

Produce protein that will be used to carry messages, act as membrane pumps, act as enzymes, or provide structure

Function of Rough ER

a) Synthesize lipids needed by the cell b) Break down lipids that are poisonous to the cell c) Manufacture phospholipids for the plasma membrane d) Reservoir for calcium (stores) e) Does not make proteins

Function of Smooth ER

Individuals who visit a Dermatologist are having problems with what organ system?

Integumentary system

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Isolated systems tend toward disorder (i.e. the amount of usable energy decreases during energy conversions)

Mechanical energy

Kinetic and potential energy of objects

Electromagnetic radiation

Kinetic energy in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light; x-rays, and gamma rays

What organ system is responsible for picking up fluids leaked from the blood vessels and returning these fluids to the blood?

Lymphatic system

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP and is often called the power station for the cell?

Mitochondria

What type of tissue provides the movement necessary for locomotion and manipulating an organism's environment?

Muscle tissue

Energy

The capacity to do work or supply heat

Kinetic energy

The energy of motion

Chromosomes/Chromatin

Contains genetic information in the form of DNA that provides blueprints for proteins

Nucleolus

Contains structures for making ribosomes (ribosomes make proteins)

Organ system that secretes hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and reproduction

Endocrine system

The adrenal medulla is part of what organ system?

Endocrine system

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be neither created or destroyed. It can only change form. The change in energy in a system is equal to the heat supplied to the system plus the work done on the system

What type of tissue forms a surface covering that protects the body, and secretes and absorbs selected substances?

Epithelial tissue

Plant and animal cells are...

Eukaryotes

Structure of Cilia and Flagella (mostly in animals)

Extension of the plasma membrane containing a complex of proteins that support and move the structure

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Four major types of tissues

Nervous tissue

Type of tissue that enables fast, specific communication between cells of the body using electrical signals

Muscle tissue

Type of tissue that enables movement

Connective tissue

Type of tissue that forms structures that support the body and hold the body together (bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, ligaments and tendons)

Epithelial tissues

Type of tissue that forms surface covering that protects the body, and secretes and absorbs selected substances

Function of Cell Wall

a) Protection b) Structural support

Varied complexities of Multicellular organisms

a) no tissues, organs, or body cavity (sponges) b) tissues but no organs of body cavities (corals, sea anemones, jellyfish) c) tissues and organs but no body cavity (acoelmates) d) tissues, organs, and a false body cavity (pseodocoelmates) e) tissues, organs, and a body cavity (eucoelmates)

Production of ATP and sugars via photosynthesis

Function of Chloroplasts

Organs

A group of tissues that form an identifiable structural unit and that work together to perform a specific function

Nuclear fission

A neutron splits a nucleus into smaller fragments -some mass is lost in the form of energy (E=mc^2) -released neutrons can trigger further fission

Atom shells

-Atoms want 2 electrons in their 1st shell -Atoms want 8 electrons in its 2nd shell -neither hydrogen nor carbon had what it wants

Structures and molecules all cells have in common

-DNA -RNA -ribosomes -proteins -cytoplasm -cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Unicellular organism

-Entire organism is just a single cell -Can carry out all the necessary functions to live by itself -Specialized organelles enable a wide variety of life strategies -May live colonially

All life requires energy and nutrients from...

-maintaining structures (organization) metabolism -responding to the environment -growing and developing -reproducing

Transcribe

1) To make a full written or typewritten copy of (dictated material, for example) 2) To transfer information from one recording and storing system to another

Cell Theory

1. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit in living organisms 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division 3. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of its cells

Organ systems

A group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a range of functions related to an important task (i.e. transporting material in the body, or obtaining nutrients from food)

Tissues

A group of similar cells (together with their cell products) specialized for performing a common function

a) Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus b) Made up of a phospholipid bilayer c) Actually made up of 4 layers

Nuclear membrane

Which of the following molecules would not be found in the plasma membrane? -phospholipids -cholesterol -proteins -nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

Which organelle is responsible for producing ribosomes?

Nucleus

What group of tissues called that form an identifiable structural unit and that work together to perform a specific function?

Organ

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membranous organelles

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other membranous organelles

Chemical

Potential energy in the bonds between atoms (based on the interaction between electrons)

Nuclear energy

Potential energy within the nucleus of an atom

Bacteria cells are...

Prokaryotes

Cells

Provide the basic structural and functional unit for living organisms

Endergonic reactions

Reactions that require an input of energy and in which the products have more energy than the original reactants

What organ system provides a framework that muscle can use to cause movement?

Skeletal system

Which organelle is composed of a branching network of sacs that do not have a ribosome present?

Smooth ER

Potential energy

Stored energy based on position or configuration

Network of branching sacs (membranes) Ribosomes present

Structure of Rough ER

Network of branching sacs (membranes) No ribosomes present

Structure of Smooth ER

Membranous sac

Structure of Vacuoles/Vesicles

Consists of all the fluid and structures within the cell that are not part of the nucleus 1) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 2) Smooth ER 3) Golgi apparatus 4) Vacuoles/Vesicles 5) Mitrochrondria 6) Chloroplasts (in plants) 7) Cytoskeleton

Structures of Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane, chromosomes/chromatin, nucleolus, structures for transcribing genetic info into RNA

Structures of the Nucleus

True

T/F: A colony may be nothing more than a group of independent cells that in some way benefit from living together

True

T/F: A colony may involve specialization of the cells in a colony -blurs the distinction between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms -individual cells retain the ability to live independently of the colony