Biology Test Chapter 7

Golgi apparatus

A flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies the proteins.

phospholipid bilayer

A plasma membrane is made up of a?

Cell Wall

A structure outside the plasma membrane in some cells is the?

Prokaryote

An organism with a cell that lacks a true nucleus is a?

phospholipids

Basic building block of plasma membrane.

Cell

Basic unit of all organisms, all living things are composed of cells.

The difference is greater in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains membrane bound organelees. A prokaryotic cell does not have membrane bound organelles. Organisms with multicellular are classified as eukaryotes. Organisms with unicellular are classied as Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are much larger then prokaryotes. Animal and plant = cells are both eukaryotic cells.

Between which cell types is the difference greater- plant and animal cells or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Give reasons for your answer.

selective permeability

Feature of the plasma membrane that maintains homeostasis within a cell by allowing some molecules into the cell while keeping others out.

van Leeuwenhoek

First person to use microscope.

Hooke

First to use the term cell?

plasma membrane

Flexible boundry that controls what goes in and out of the cell. Example water=in waste=out

Eukaryotic cell

If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a ?

Mitochondria

In a cell, the breakdown of molecules in order to release energy occurs in the?

Ribosomes

In a cell, the sites of protein synthesis are the?

Chromatin

In a cell, the tangles of long strands of DNA form the ?

Thylakoid membrane

In a chloroplast, the stacks of membranous sacs are called?

Chloroplast

In plants the structures that transform light energy into chemical energy are called?

Nucleus

Ineuckaryote cells, the central membrane bond organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA.

Electron microscope

Instrument that uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times actual size, allows scientist to view structures within a cell.

compound light microscope

Instrument that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps can magnify an object up to 1,500 times its own size.

Phospholipids

Proteins make up the selectively permeable membrane that controls which molecules enter and leave the cell.

Transport protein

Proteins that span the plasma membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave the cell.

The plasma membranes head points out and the tails bury themselves within the membrane. 2 layers of phospholipid.

Why is the plasma membrane called "phospholipid bilayer"?

It is fluid due to the phospholipids moving within the membrane. The same way water molecules move with currents. Proteins create a mosaic pattern in the membrane.

Why is the plasma membrane often called a "fluid mosaic model"?

Higher magnification

One advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes is their?

chloroplast

Cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.

Lysosomes

Cell structures that contain digestive enzymes are?

Cellulose

Cell walls of multicellular plants are composed mainly of?

Cyptoplasm

Clear gelatinous fluid inside a cell

Prokaryotes are found in most unicellular organism that do not have membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes most of the organisms are made up of uncellular or multicellular. They are both formed from when cells divide.

Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. How are they alike and different?

The cell wall supports and protects the cell. (found in fugus, prokaryote) The plasma membrane maintains homeostasis (Controls what goes into and out of the cell). It is found (every cell) in both plant and animal cells. They both surround and protect the cell. Cell wall = rigid. Plasma membrane = flexible. Both in the outer area of the cell (similar locations).

Compare and contrast the cell wall and the plasma membrane. How are they alike and different?

lysosome

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes.

The lipids would be important to the plasma membrane because lipids can not be dissolved in water. So the plasma membrane would have two layers that a substance would have to pass through instead of one. Keeps the cells from being dissolved by all the water.

Considering that a cell's environment is very watery, why might lipids be important in the composition of the plasma membrane?

Hook observed small geometric shapes and decided to name them cells which are the basic units of all living things. Leeuwenhoek helped add to the cell theroy by saying an organism may be a single cell such as organisms. (He saw this in water). Leeuwenhoek invented the first microscope. (civil).

Describe how both Leeuwenhoek and Hooke contributed to modern biology.

The cell theory is made up of different scientist observations. There are 3 theorys and they are: 1. All organisms are made up of lormore cells. 2. The cell is always the most basic componet of any organism. (Basic unit of life) 3. Cells divide in order to form more cells. (Cells can only come from cells that already exist.)

Describe the main ideas of the Cell Theory in your own words.

All cells are similar in structure and function

Each of the following is a main idea of the cell theory except? 1. all organisms are composed of cells. 2. the cell is the basic unit or organization of organisms. 3. all cells are similar in structure and function. 4. All cells come for preexisting cells.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes, located in the nucleus.

Both glococalyx and cell walls are located outside of the plasma membrane. They are also both composed of carbohydrates. They are different because the glycocalyx is a thin flexible covering and the cell wall is a rigid structure. Also cell walls are found in plants and glococalyx is found in animal cells. Both protect the cell.

Many types of animals cells have a thin, flexible cell covering outside the plasma membrane. This cell covering, called a glycocalyx, consists of complex carbohydrates bonded to the proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. How is the glycocalyx similar to the cell wall of a green plant? How is it different?

Organelle

Membrane bond structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells.

vacuole

Membrane bound compartments are used for temporary storage of materials.

Cell Wall

Provides additional support and protection to the cell located outside the plasma membrane.

Cilia

Short projections used for oarlike locomotion are?

Chromatin

Strands of genetic material, DNA

fluid masaic model

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Endoplasmic reticulm (ER)

The folded system of membranes that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell is called the?

Nucleus

The functions of a eukaryotic cell are managed by the ?

Plasma Membrane

The movement of materials into and out of the cells is controlled by the?

Cytoskeleton

The network of tiny rods and filaments that forms a framework for the cell is called the?

Selective permeability controls what enters and exits the cell. It controls how much goes into cell, what time it goes in and in what channel it goes through.

Why is selective permeability so important to living organisms?

To this day the cell theory still provides us with a great scientific theory which helps scientist test and observe cells following this theory. It defines nonliving & living (viruses are not living).

Why is the Cell Theory important to modern biology?

Cholorophyll

The pigment that gives plants their green color is?

van Leeuwenhoek

The scientist who first described living cells as seen through a simple microscope was?

endoplasmic reticulum

The site of cellular reactions. Where proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are made.

Ribosome

The sites where the cell produces protein according to the directions of DNA

Organelles

The small, membrane-bound structures inside a cell are?

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. The membrane that surrounds the lysosome provents the enzymes from destroying the cell. Lysosomes digest food and waste, and breakdown things. Lysosomes function a lot like a stomach.

The stomach lining contains mucus, which helps prevent the digestion of the stomach lining. If this mechanism fails, digestive enzymes in the stomach cause the stomach to digest itself, producing an ulcer. Compare this process with the way lysosomes prevent destruction of the cell's proteins.

Plasma membrane

The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the?

Cell juncture

The term least closely related to the others is?cytoskeleton/microfilament/microtubule/cell juncture

Cell theroy

Theroy that 1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Chlorophyll

Traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.

Eukaryote

Unicellular or multicellular organisms, such as yeast, plants, animals, composed of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus and membrane - bound organelles.

Prokaryote

Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, each of which is composed prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane - bound structure.

The transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.

What is the importance of transport proteins in the plasma membrane?

chromosomes

When a cell is ready to reproduce, its DNA is packed into?

Nonpolar area= the barrier. They are stopped by an water insoluble layer when they try to enter. This layer is created by many phospholipid molecules. coming together and forming a barrier.

Why are large water-soluble or polar molecules unable to pass through the phospholipids bilayer?

mitochondria

membrane bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.