Biology: The Core - Chapter 2
Symbol
letter(s) that represent an element
Acid
a chemical that, when dissolved in water, releases H+ ions
Base
a chemical that, when dissolved in water, removed H+ ions from the solution, usually by combining them with OH- to form water
Polysaccharide
a complex carbohydrate made by joining many monosaccharides together in a long chain
Glycogen
a complex, extensively branched polysaccharide made up of many glucose monomers; serves as an emergency energy storage in liver and muscle cells
Solution
a dissolved mixture
Disaccharide
a double sugar formed by joining to monosaccharides
Cellulose
a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls
Periodic Table of Elements
a list of all the chemical elements ordered by atomic number
Single Bond
a single shared pair of electrons
Starch
a storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose
Aqueous Solution
a substance dissolved in water
Hydrogen Bond
a weak bond between two molecules of opposite attractions that holds them together
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
Chemical Bonds
atoms attracted to each other and held together
Molecules
atoms bonded to each other
Double Bond
atoms shared by two pairs of electrons
Ion
atoms with a charge (either positive or negative)
All matter consists of ...., which are often bonded together into .....
atoms, molecules
Four kinds of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Nucleus
center of the atom
Buffers
chemicals that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ ions when they are present in excess and donating H+ when they are in short supply
Individual elements combine to form....
compounds.
Polar Bond
electrons are more strongly attracted to one atom more than the other
Nonpolar Bond
electrons equally shared between the two atoms in a bond
Products
ending matter
Cohesion
molecules have a strong tendency to stick to each other
Organic Compounds
molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements
Isomers
molecules that have the same number of atoms, but vary in the arrangement of atoms
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
monomer building blocks are linked together to form larger polymers through a chemical reaction
Covalent bonds are either ... or ....
nonpolar or polar
Atomic Number
number of protons in an element
Hydrolysis Reactions
polymers that are broken down into the monomers that make them up
Reactants
starting matter
Elements
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
Compounds
substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Carbohydrates a.k.a. "carbs"
sugars and large molecules made from sugars
Isotope
varying number of neutrons in the nucleus of the same element
Chemical Reactions
when atoms remain whole, but they are swapped as molecules are broken down and built up
Solvent
a dissolving agent
Protons determine....
element
Electrons determine....
ion
Chemical bonds are either... or .....
ionic, covalent
Neutrons determine....
isotope
Polymers
large molecules made by joining many smaller molecules
Macromolecules
large molecules with complex structures
Subatomic Particles:
protons, electrons, and neutrons
Functional Groups
sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton
Covalent Bonds
sharing of one or more electrons between atoms
Monomers
small molecules
Monosaccharides
the building blocks of carbohydrates
pH Scale
the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution
Atomic Weight
the number of protons and neutrons in an element
Chemistry
the scientific study of matter
Atoms
the smallest units that retain all the properties of their type of matter
Metabolism
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body
Ionic Bonds
the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another (attraction of opposite charged atoms)