Biology Unit 3 Review

What is the result of producers performing photosynthesis?

Makes oxygen available for cellular respiration; Transfers carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere; Transfers energy from sunlight to consumers

Which of the following terms are in the correct order, from smallest to largest?

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, Earth

In a pyramid of numbers, the highest-order organism has the smallest number of individuals in an ecological community. What might happen if the population of this organism increased significantly?

The population would eventually die off, because they would overhunt lower-level organisms. The populations of lower-ordered organisms would dramatically decrease and may go extinct in the area due to the increased predation

In ecosystems which trophic level has most stored energy?

Producers

1500 J 15% How many joules of food energy were converted into new biomass? How many joules of food energy are converted to heat and excreted as waste? What percentage of the food energy was converted to heat and excreted as waste?

1500 * .15= 255 J 1500-255=1,275 J 15%---85%

Light energy is ____ by the ___ found in the membranes of the thylakoids, which are sac like structures inside the ___. The light ___ moves electrons that are used to make NADPH. Energy from this process is used to make ___ the energy form cells use. The electrons and energy are used to make ____, which the plant stores or consumes for energy.

Absorbed, Chlorophyll, Chloroplasts, Energy, ATP, Glucose

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> Glucose + 6 O2

During which process is lactic acid formed when there is not enough oxygen present for cellular respiration to take place?

Fermentation

What is the relationship between a food chain and trophic levels?

Food chains illustrate the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next.

Which food chain correctly shows the direction that energy and matter flow through a forest ecosystem?

Fruit → insect → sparrow → hawk

Is oxygen necessary for the production of ATP in our cells?

Yes! During cellular respiration, energy can be transferred from glucose molecules being broken down in glycolysis to power the Krebs cycle, and in the Krebs cycle, production of high-energy electrons powers the electron transport chain. Oxygen is the terminal (last) electron acceptor; without oxygen fermentation occurs.

Which of these processes are driven by energy from the sun?

evaporation, melting, transpiration evaporation in plants

What are the main inputs, or reactants, in cellular respiration?

glucose, oxygen

How does carbon flow between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide from glucose generated by the process of photosynthesis.

Steps that carbon moves between the atmosphere and the biosphere in the carbon cycle.

1.Plants use water and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis. 2. Animals and plants use glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration. 3. Cellular respiration transforms glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. 4.Animals and plants release carbon dioxide and water as a result of cellular respiration. 5. Carbon dioxide is released by plants and animals and moves in the biosphere.

An increase in energy can change the dynamics of a system. Explain how alterations to the carbon cycle result in an increase in the amount of energy contained in the Earth system.

An increase in carbon as atmospheric carbon dioxide causes an increase in global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect. These increasing temperatures cause greater evaporation in the hydrologic cycle. An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide can cause plants to die from increased temperatures. As plants die, so do the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots, removing a large component of the ammonification process in the nitrogen cycle. Forests are carbon sinks, which sequester carbon in their biomass. Deforestation results in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere. Fewer trees also means less oxygen is being produced during the oxygen cycle.

Decomposers are an important part of many biogeochemical cycles. Some carry out aerobic respiration, and some use anaerobic respiration as they break down organic matter. Explain why decomposers are so crucial for the cycling of matter in ecosystems.

Decomposers return matter stored in living things to the soil. This allows matter to be "recycled" so that producers can again take it up.

What happens during light dependent & light independent stage?

During the Light Dependent Reactions WATER IS TAKEN IN AND SPLIT INTO O2 AND Hydrogen. The Hydrogen moves into the Light Independent Reactions and combines with the CO2 that is taken in. The CO2 and Hydrogen combine to make Glucose. Glucose is made 24/7 and is stored for use later. O2 is made only when the light is available.

How do you know energy and matter are conserved during the process of cellular respiration?

Energy and matter are conserved in cellular respiration because it has identifiable inputs and outputs. These can be modeled with chemical equations. There are the same number of molecules of each element on each side of the equation.

Describe how energy and matter flow, interact, and change forms throughout the Earth system.

Energy enters the Earth system when it is captured by photosynthetic organisms, which capture and store it as chemical energy when they convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. Consumers eat these organisms, using the energy contained in their matter to grow and reproduce. Energy that is not used is excreted in waste or transformed into heat and lost to the environment. When organisms die, their matter is recycled back into the system by decomposers .

There is evidence that the increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are affecting phytoplankton, microscopic photosynthetic organisms in the ocean. Explain how the carbon cycle might be affected if phytoplankton were to decrease in number.

If phytoplankton were to decrease in number, the amount of carbon dioxide in the oceans would increase. At the same time, the amount of carbon being transferred from phytoplankton to zooplankton and cycling through the food web would decrease.

How is photosynthesis related to the carbon and oxygen cycles?

Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is part of the oxygen cycle, and Carbon dioxide used to make glucose during photosynthesis is part of the Carbon cycle.

Although photosynthesis occurs only in certain producers, how does this process contribute to the survival of other organisms, including humans?

Photosynthesis produces sugars that are required to fuel cellular respiration. Without these sugars, humans would not be able to produce energy for cellular functions.Photosynthesis produces oxygen, without which cellular respiration does not occur.Without oxygen, cells could only undergo lactic acid fermentation. After a prolonged period of time, cells would begin to die from a buildup of lactic acid and a lack of ATP.

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

The outputs (products) of photosynthesis are the inputs (reactants) of cellular respiration;The inputs (reactants) of photosynthesis are the outputs (products) of cellular respiration.

What describes the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis in terms of energy and matter?

The overall reactants and products produced in photosynthesis are consumed in cellular respiration and vice versa. Photosynthesis uses light energy to build carbon-based molecules and releases oxygen. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbon-based molecules to release energy.

Consider a pyramid model with a producer level, a primary consumer level, a secondary consumer level, and a tertiary consumer level. Which of the following statements are correct?

The sun is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem. Matter cycles and is generally conserved within or among ecosystems. Energy flows through ecosystems, but only a certain amount of energy is transformed into biomass (growth).

Why is a desert in North America considered to be the same biome as a desert in Africa?

They have similar climates.

How might the carbon cycle be altered after a large-scale reforestation effort?

This would decrease the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide because the new trees would absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Over long periods of time, some of the carbon in these trees would undergo burial and become fossil fuels.

Do all organisms on Earth need sunlight as an energy source?

Yes, even if they get energy from somewhere else aswell.

Living things require energy to grow and reproduce and to carry out different cell processes. Certain cells can capture energy from the sun through the process of ____ . Through a series of reactions, that energy is transferred to organisms. Through the process of ____ the energy cells use, ___, is produced. This is a three part process, beginning with _____ in the cell cytoplasm which is followed by the ___ that occurs in the mitochondrion and the last step is the ____.

photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ATP, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.

A herbivorous diet is more energy efficient than a carnivorous diet. For example, rabbits eat plants. Plants obtain energy directly from the ___ . When a hawk eats a rabbit, it is getting a ______ of that energy stored in the rabbit. The remaining energy is lost to the environment in the form of _____ and waste. Not all of the energy consumed goes to _______ or is available to the predator at the next __.

sun, small amount, heat, growth/biomass, trophic level

Which of these are abiotic factors that could influence the flow of matter and energy in a biome?

sunlight, atmospheric gases, water

What are the main outputs, or products, of cellular respiration?

water, energy, CO2