Biology Unit 6
Where does chemiosmosis occur in plants?
across the thylakoid membrane
what type of reaction is photosynthesis?
anabolic
What are plants called because they make their own food?
autotrophs
Describe the bond attaching the last phosphate group to ATP
bonded with a high energy chemical bond
What does noncyclic electron flow use?
both photsystem I and II
How must ATP be remade?
by ATP synthesis or chemiosmosis
how are granna connected?
by stroma lamellae
What are two gases exchanged in the stomata of a leaf?
carbon dioxide and oxygen
what two compounds are used in photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water
what serves as the carbon source for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide from people and animals
Energy released from sunlight or food is available for...
cellular work and chemical synthesis
what does chlorophyll and other pigments absorb?
certain wavelengths of light from 400 nm to 700 nm
What is the organelle in mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll called?
chloroplasts
what organelles contain chlorophyll?
chloroplasts
When is chemical energy released from sugars
during cellular respiration
is photosynthesis an endergonic or exogonic reaction? & why
endergonic because it stores energy
Plants store ---- in the chemical bonds of -----
energy, sugar
what can be lost from a leaf?
gases and water
what are stacks of thylakoids called?
granna
what makes up the inner membrane of a chloroplast?
granna
What do chlorophyll molecules do?
harvest light energy
What happens if the last phosphate bond on ATP is broken?
it releases energy for cells to use
what part of the plant does photosynthesis typically occur?
leaves
What type of ion does chlorophyll have in the center?
magnesium
what type of cells in leaves that contain chlorophyll called?
mesophyll cells
What are the parts of ATP?
nitrogenous base (adenine), 3 phosphate groups, a pentose (5 carbon) sugar (ribosome)
what is an anabolic reaction?
one that combined simple molecules into more complex molecules
CO2 and H2O are used in photosynthesis to produce...
organic molecules such as the sugar glocuse
What does the noncyclic electron flow generate?
oxygen, ATP, NADPH (energy carrier)
sunlight is stored in packets of energy called...
photons
describe the outer membrane of a chloroplast
smooth
what is the thick fluid inside of a chloroplast called?
stroma
What is the ultimate energy for all life on Earth?
sun
energy from the ----- is stored in the bonds of the sugar ----
sun & glocuse
Diagram for noncyclic flow of electrons:
sun>photosystem II>electron acceptor>Photosystem I>electron acceptor>NADPH
What is reduction?
the addition or gaining of electrons
why are plants green?
the pigment chlorophyll makes it green
What is stoma?
the pores on the undersides of leaves
What is phosphorylation
the process of making ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group
What is oxidized and reduced during photosynthesis?
water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced
What doe the chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center of photosystem II absorb?
wavelengths of 680nm
Name 3 things released when the last phosphate bond on ATP is broken.
1. release energy for cells to use 2. form ADP 3. produce a free phosphate group
how many membranes does a chloroplast have?
2
Write the summery equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + oxygen) ---> (glucose + oxygen)
What is the energy molecule used by cells?
ATP
What is the energy for the Calvin Cycle? where is it made?
ATP and NADPH; during the light reactions
Light reactions use energy from the sun to produce what?
ATP and NAPDH
What colors does chlorophyll absorb best?
Blue and red
What are most plants known as?
C3 plants (80%)
What do C3 plants use to make sugars?
Calvin Cycle
What is the second part of photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle
What are other names for the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation or the C3 pathway
What plant pigments include red, orange, and yellow colors?
Cartonoids
What powers ATP synthesis in plants
Chemiosmosis
What do photosystem I and II use to ATP?
Electron transport chains
How often is glucose made?
Every 6 times; 18 ATP and 12 NADPH required
---- ions move through down their concentration gradient through the ----- of the enzyme ------- to form ATP from ----.
Hydrogen; channels; ATP synthase; ADP
Where is chlorophyll located?
In the thylakoid membrane
What is the first part of photosynthesis?
Light reaction or light dependent reaction
Does the calvin cycle require light energy?
Not directly
Where is water split? Where is NADPH made?
Photosystem II; Photosystem I
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What is ATP synthase?
The enzyme used to make ATP from ADP
During the fall what happens to the amount of chlorophyll being produced by plants?
The green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing other pigments
What do leaves turn colors in the fall?
The green chlorophyll pigments are less present bc the temperature and sunlight effect photosynthesis
What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons
Where does oxygen made by plants come from?
The splitting of water
What is a redox reaction?
The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the chloroplasts?
Thylakoid membrane
What is CO2 used for in the Calvin Cycle?
To make the sugar glucose
How is ATP made?
Using the electron transport chain and the enzyme ATP synthase