Biomedical Pharmacology HSAD 020 Examination #3 Study guide Spring 2017

7. Which of the following designations characterizes all arounders?

#1. hallucinogens #2. psychedelics

9. Marijuana withdrawal has been associated with which of the following symptoms?

(D all of the above) o inability to concentrate & marijuana cravings o chills, aches and sweating o sleep disturbances, slight tremors o decreased appetite and stomach pain

8. The psychological effects of marijuana withdrawal include which of the following?

(D all of the above) • anger • depression • anxiety • irritability

26. The mechanism of action of the antidepressants Welbutrin and Zyban is unique among antidepressants in that they also affect:

- Dopamine

SA3. Why are the withdrawal symptoms for anabolic steroids/ergogenic drugs a major concern for adolescents?

- It premature closure of growth plates of the long bones in adolescents, thus limiting adult height.

SA2. Why is treatment difficult for the typical inhalant abusers?

- Many approaches and techniques used in typical alcohol and drug treatment apply but a host of other specific issues must also be addressed. 1) central nervous system damage; (2) renal (kidney) and hepatic (liver) abnormalities; (3) lead poisoning; (4) the possibilities of cardiac arrhythmia and pulmonary (lung) distress; and (5) nutritional deficiencies.

SA1. Marijuana is not addictive and doesn't induce compulsive use. True or false - explain your answer.

- Marijuana. Addictive or no? That question has been batted back and forth for decades. While many, especially regular users, say, "Absolutely not!" others are convinced that the answer is a resounding "Yes!" - true, cannabis intoxication / withdrawal 292.0 (F12.288) listed in the DSM V. - DSM IV describes drug dependence as the compulsive regular use of a substance, despite ONGOING negative consequences. - marijuana has been said to creat psychologically addictive, and the withdrawal includes psychological symptoms like anxiety, mood swings and depression.

31. The signs and symptoms of schizophrenia:

- The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days: • Hallucinations. • Delusions. • Disorganized speech. • Disorganized or catatonic behavior. • Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech)

17. Which statement best describes addictive behaviors?

- They alter brain chemistry in similar ways that psychoactive drugs do

SA4. Why is a 3rd generation antipsychotic more effective for a schizophrenic exhibiting negative symptoms?

- They work by blocking (or partially blocking) both dopamine and serotonin receptor sites which are believed to play important roles in the development of psychotic symptoms and mood disorders. Each drug works a little differently, depending on its particular properties.

25. One of the most important side effects of fluoxetine (Prozac) is:

- anxiogenesis.

22. The major side effect associated with use of MAOIs is:

- hypertension

23. Dangerous interactions with aged cheese and other food products containing tyramine is associated with

- increase blood pressure and possible stroke

24. The mechanism of action of newer antidepressants like Prozac and Zoloft is:

- inhibition of neurotransmitter re-uptake.

29. Before excretion, lithium is

- metallic element (Salt)

11 Butane hash oil (BHO) is an extract of cannabis with very low THC concentration.

o False

10. Receptors for 2-AG, an endogenous endocannabinoid, are found with greater frequency in other parts of the body than it is in the brain.

o True

4. Marijuana in the urine of a regular user is detectable for

• 3 to 6 weeks

28. The classic drug for treating bipolar disorder is:

• lithium

49. ______________ is when you use multiple types of steroids in the same time period

• stacking • Some athletes practice steroid stacking by using three or more kinds of oral or injectable steroids and alternating cycles of use and nonuse.

50. Which was a stimulant performance-enhancing drug or technique?

• steroids • growth hormones • blood-doping drugs • stimulants

20. The therapeutic mechanism of action of the tricyclic antidepressants is:

• that they inhibit the reuptake of the biogenic amines, mostly norepinephrine (NE), as well as serotonin (5HT).

47. The three categories of sports drugs did not include:

• therapeutic drugs (analgesics, muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, and asthma meds); • performance-enhancing drugs (ergogenic drugs), such as steroids, growth hormones, blood-doping drugs, and stimulants; • recreational and mood-altering drugs, both legal and illegal.

13. Hyperemesis, brought on by highly potent cannabis, synthetic marijuana, or highly concentrated extracts, is characterized by

• uncontrolled vomiting

40. A common method on inhalation includes:

• "Sniffing" • "Huffing" • "Bagging" • "Spraying" • "Balloons and crackers"

3. The average street cost for an ounce of marijuana in the United States is

• $200 to $400

12. Dabs, an extract of cannabis containing 90% or greater concentration, is also known as

• shatter, wax, honey oil

35. The major side effect of the classic antipsychotics suggests that schizophrenia results from:

• Certain neurons using dopamine fire too often

45. Which inhalant can produce such long term effects as dementia and spastic movements?

• Chronic abuse of toluene can result in dementia, spastic movements, and other CNS dysfunctions.

6. People who smoke marijuana commonly present with which physical ailments?

• Chronic bronchitis

14. Which gene signals a susceptibility to both alcoholism and gambling?

• DRD2A1 allele gene

15. The DRD2A1 allele gene has its greatest effect on which neurotransmitter system?

• Dopamine

43. Blood problems are most associated with:

• Erythropoietin (EPO) • The dangers associated with EPO use include thickening of the blood, which can lead to clots resulting in stroke and heart attacks.

41. Which was one of the main groups of inhalants?

• Glue, shoe polish, or toluene 4.3% 2.0% • Gasoline or lighter fluid 3.6% 2.1% • Spray paints 3.0% 1.2% • Cleaning fluids 2.2% 1.5% • Amyl/butyl/cyclohexyl nitrites 1.6% 2.3% • Lighter gases (butane, propane) 1.2% 0.7% • Nitrous oxide 1.6% 9.2%

42. Inhalants can produce stimulating effects such as:

• Inhalation produces a temporary stimulation, an elevated mood, and reduced inhibitions. Impulsiveness, excitement, and irritability also occur. Soon the depressive effects begin including dizziness, slurred speech, unsteady gait, and drowsiness.

34. The classical antipsychotic drugs produce side effects resembling:

• Parkinson's disease

16. Inhaling alcohol can cause

• People who inhale alcohol vapors get drunk very quickly, because the alcohol goes straight to the brain. Also, heated alcohol vapor can injure the lungs. Chronic alcohol inhalation leads to more and more alcohol-seeking behaviors. increases anxiety behaviors. It can be addictive. • Inhaling alcohol can cause changes in the brain; rats need higher and higher doses to produce the same drunk feeling. An alcohol withdrawal syndrome can also occur This causes symptoms of anxiety, tremors, sweating, chills, and seizures It could cause death. • (headaches)

32. The symptoms of schizophrenia have been classified as:

• Positive, negative, and disorganized

36. Blockade of the following receptor type produces schizophrenia-like behaviors:

• Researchers found that an excess of dopamine is one of the major causes of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.

2. Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since

• Since 1937, marijuana has been illegal in the United States due to the passing of the Marijuana Tax Act.

51. When the athlete eats sodium bicarbonate 30 minutes before exercising in order to delay fatigue by decreasing development of acidosis, they are:

• Soda Doping

21. The mechanism of action of the MAOIs is:

• The mechanism of action of antidepressants such as the MAOIs was once thought to be the direct result of increased neurotransmitter amines at nerve terminals

SA5. State TWO reasons why there is poor compliance in patients prescribed lithium for mood stabilization.

• The single most significant reason why individuals with bipolar disorder fail to take their medication is because of their lack of awareness of their illness (anosognosia)? Other important reasons are concurrent alcohol or drug abuse and a poor relationship between psychiatrist and patient.

46. Major volatile solvents include:

• Toluene (methylbenzene) • Trichloroethylene (TCE) • N-Hexane & Methyl Butyl Ketone (MBK) • Alkanes • Gasoline • Alcohols

27. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are:

• a class of medications that are effective in treating depression. SNRIs are also sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders and long-term (chronic) pain, especially nerve pain.

5. Misperceiving a rope as a threatening snake is an example of

• an illusion (mistaken perceptions of real stimuli)

30. Nowadays, combination therapy for bipolar disorder includes lithium and:

• anti-psychotic drug (mood stabilizers)

37. Clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics affect both _____ and ____ receptors.

• block dopamine and serotonin receptors

19. Tricyclic antidepressants have all of the following actions, EXCEPT

• blocks 5HT or ET reuptake • causes of sedation • anti MOAI action • anti-cholingergic action (correct answer)

33. The single best predictor of antipsychotic efficacy of a drug is an affinity for _____ receptors.

• blocks the effects of dopamine 2.

39. Agranulocytosis (leukopenia) has been associated with use of the antipsychotic drug:

• clozapine

44. Warning signs of solvent abuse do include:

• headaches, chemical body odor, red, glassy or watery eyes, inflamed nose, nosebleeds, rashes, slurred speech, staggering gait, disorientation, etc.

48. Benefits of AAS include:

• increased body weight, • lean muscle mass, • muscular strength and to a lesser extent • stamina

1. Hashish is made from

• is an extracted cannabis product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant.

38. The distinguishing characteristic between "neuroleptic" antipsychotics and "atypical" antipsychotics is:

• neuroleptics produce marked extrapyramidal side effects; atypical antipsychotics don't.

18. Which of the following are warning signs that someone may be abusing inhalants?

• paint or stains on body or clothing • spots or sores around the mouth • red or runny eyes or nose • chemical breath odor • drunk, dazed or dizzy appearance • nausea, loss of appetite • anxiety, excitability, irritability