Biomolecules

complex carbohydrates

Some organisms create long chains of simple sugars to use as structure. A long carbohydrate chain is known as a polysaccharide. Plants use polysaccharides called cellulose for cell wall structure and support. Many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches. The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules, such as glucose. Many animals store extra glucose as glycogen, and can break it down when blood sugar drops too low.

hydrogen bonds

The opposite ends of polar water molecules are attracted to other substances. This type of attraction is called

cohesion

This phenomenon where water molecules stick together is called

adhesion

Water can also stick to other substances like glass. This is called

Protein

_______ are macromolecules that contain Nitrogen as well as carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen. _______ are polymers of molecules called amino acids

Lipids

_______are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and not soluble in water. The common categories of ______ are fats, oil, and waxes

goals of atoms

are to gain,lose electrons

4 macromolecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 molecules of life

hydrogen , oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur think Chonps

amino acid structure

Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. There are more than 20 amino acids found in nature. They only offer differ by what is attached at the sides chain ( see the R to the left)

organic

Any substance containing carbon-based compounds especially produced by or derived from living organisms

Breaking down carbohydrates

Complex sugars can be broken down through a process called hydrolysis, where a water molecule is added, splitting the bond between two sugars. In the case to the right, maltose, a disaccharide, is broken down into two glucose molecules

Building a Polypeptide

Covalent bond(shared) called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Inorganic compounds

Does not contain carbon bonded to hydrogens

The elections in the convalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are not shared equally. This makes one side partially more negative and the other partially more positive. This partial charge makes water a polar molecule.

How does the structure of water, an inorganic molecule, contribute to its unique properties?

2 atoms

How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water

8 atom

How many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of water

Carbohydrates

Living things use _________ as their main source of energy. The breakdown of sugars like glucose supplies immediate energy for cellular use.

lipids formation

Many ________ are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids. This process occurs by dehydration synthesis

the molecules of life

Many of the organic compounds in the cells are macromolecules ( giant molecules) made from thousands of smaller molecules. Most of these macromolecules are formed from a process known as polymerization, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller one Smaller units called monomers join together to form polymers. Monomers may be similar, or different

Organic Compounds

Must contain Carbon Bonded to hydrogen

organic compounds

Propane, Glucose, Citric Acid

Protein structure

Proteins can have up to 4 levels of organization. The first level is the polypeptide chain. A second level is the folded polypeptide (See picture 3). From there the structures become more complex.

Atoms

Protons ( Positive Charge) Found in the nucleus Neutrons(no charge) Found in nucleus Electrons ( negative charge) Found in an electron cloud around the nucleus

Lipids

Recall that ______ can be used to store energy, and many are involved in biological membranes. Steroids that are synthesized by the body are also _______. Hormones, one of the types of steroids, carry chemical messages.

Protein

Recall that _________ perform many functions including regulating the rate of chemical reactions, building cellular structures, transporting things in and out of cells, and fighting disease.

Inorganic compounds

Carbon dioxide, sodium carbonate, water

combining carbohydrates

Sugars can be combined through a process called dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule is removed to allow for bonding to occur. When two monosaccharides are joined, a disaccharide is created.

polar molecule

water can be a ________?