Biopsych ch. 9
a doctor suspects that mark has a tumor in his brain. Which of the following techniques would enable the doctor to detect the presence of the tumor?
CT
_____ is the phenomenon whereby an object's perceived color tends to remain constant relative to other colors, regardless of changes in illumination.
Color constancy
would maximally stimulate cells in the temporal cortex
Complex stimuli like faces
A red-green opponent cell has a red light focused on the center of the cell. What is the outcome in the cell?
It fires very rapidly
Dr. Williams is planning a research project involving determining the sizes of various brain structures across the life span. Which of the following is NOT a practical consideration Dr. WIlliams should include in planning this project?
MRI images are static
_____, also known as nearsightedness, occurs when people can see things close to them, but not things that are far away.
Myopia
Receptive Field
Region of the visual world that stimulates a receptor cell or neuron. (what you see of the world in given moment)
When considering rods and cones, which of the following statements is FALSE
Rods are used to see in bright light conditions and cones are used in dim light conditions
_____ is the registration of sensory stimuli from the environment, and _____ is the subjective experience of these sensory stimuli.
Sensation; perception
When light strikes the entire receptive field of an on-center cell, which of the following happens?
The cell only slightly increases its firing.
Sensation
The registration of physical stimuli by sensory organs.
When comparing information processing in the ganglion cell and in V1, which of the following statements is NOT true?
V1 cells respond to light presented in circular patterns while ganglion cells respond to light in strips.
The ventral stream is a visual processing pathway from:
V1 to the temporal lobe for object identification and perceiving related movements.
computed tomography (CT)
X ray technique that produces a static 3-dimensional image (called a CT scan) of the brain in cross section
In the auditory system, _____ are converted into _____ energy, which becomes action potentials in the brain
air waves; mechanical
According to the topographic organization of V1, the most central part of the visual field is represented at the _____ of the brain
back
According to the topographic organization of V1, the most central part of the visual field is represented at the _____ of the brain.
back
Which of the following do NOT have their own receptive field?
blob cells
stratium
caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia
_____ is a technique used to determine the chemicals in extracellular fluid in the brain of a freely moving animal
cerebral microdialysis
For taste and olfaction, _____ molecules signal _____ messages in receptors
chemical; electrical
a transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate target tissues in the brain is called
chemogenetics
is the phenomenon whereby an object's perceived color tends to remain constant relative to other colors, regardless of changes in illumination
color constancy
event-related potentials (ERPS)
complex electroencephalographic waveform related in time to a specific sensory event
Which of the following techniques uses a series of narrow X-ray beams taken from different angles to create an image of the brain
computed tomography
The _____ allows the two visual fields to be merged in the brain so that the visual picture is complete.
corpus callosum
The visual cortex is divided into strips where it receives information from both the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways. These strips are called:
cortical columns
synthetic biology
design and construction of biological devices, systems, and machines not found in nature
positron emission tomography (PET)
detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose; used to analyze the metabolic activity of neurons
Anna has multiple sclerosis, and her doctor wants to use a technique that can reveal abnormalities in the myelin sheaths along her brain pathways. Anna's doctor is MOST likely to use
diffusion tensor imaging
The area in V1 that receives information from the fovea is
disproportionately large
Dr. Meier plans to record graded potentials by placing electrodes directly on a patient's brain. This technique is called
electrocorticography
compensation
following brain damage, the neuroplastic ability to modify behavior from that used prior to the damage
The region of sharpest vision is found on the
fovea
The region of sharpest vision is found on the:
fovea
____ refers to the way genes become active or not active
gene expression
The preferred stimuli of neurons in the primary visual cortex are _____ and the preferred stimuli of cells in the inferior temporal cortex are _____
genetically programmed; formed by experience
Functional brain imaging techniques focus on measuring _____ in brain
glucose, oxygen, and blood flow
electrocroticography (ECoG)
graded potentials recorded with electrodes placed directly on the surface of the brain
place cells
hippocampal neurons maximally responsive to specific locations in the world
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
imaging method that uses hydrogen proton signal to determine the concentration of brain metabolites; used to identify changes in specific markers of neuronal function, which is promising for accurate diagnosis of traumatic brain injuries
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
imaging technique that measures brain activity indirectly by detecting changes associated with blood flow; often used to measure cerebral blood flow during cognitive testing or resting
The temporal resolution of an fMRI ______ that obtained with an EEG recording
is less precise than
One caveat of animal research is that
it may be difficult to determine whether human behavioral disorders can actually be induced in laboratory animals
alpha rhythms
large, extremely regular brain waves with a frequency ranging from 7-11 Hz; found in most people when they are relaxed with eyes closed
Paul Broca concluded that language production occurs in the
left frontal lobe
Photoreceptors in the retina convert _____ energy into _____ energy so that the brain can understand and interpret the information.
light; chemical
magnetoencephalggram (MEG)
magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside the skull
Dr. Xiu's research focus is morphology. Which of these techniques is Dr. Xiu MOST LIKELY to use?
magnetic resonance imaging
Which of the following is NOT a common procedure for measuring the brain's electrical activity
magnetic resonance imaging
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
magnetic resonance imaging method that can image fiber pathways in the brain by detecting the directional movements of water molecules
resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI)
measures changes in oxygen when the individual is resting
In the somatosensory system, _____ energy activates _____ messages in receptors
mechanical; electrical
In the somatosensory system, _____ energy activates _____ messages in receptors.
mechanical; electrical
Positron emission tomography measures
metabolic activity in brain cells
Jennifer has had a stroke, and her doctor is concerned that her brain injury may be made worse in increasing levels of glutamate in her brain. Which of the following procedures is the doctor MOST likely to use to monitor her glutamate levels?
micro dialysis
When light strikes the back of the eye, the first cells the light encounters are:
neurons.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to produce or facilitate behavior
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
noninvasive technique that gathers light transmitted through cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption; form of optical tomography
states that the color we see is determined by the relative responses of various cone types
not color constancy theory not cone theory of color
Jaquita has migraines that sometimes leave a small blind spot in her visual field. This is called
not homonymous hemianopia not quadrantonopia not visual-form agnosia
Most animals have superior senses compared with humans. What is the one aspect of our senses that is superior to other animals
not sensitivity of our audition not sense of taste
The explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of opposing color pairs is called
opponent process theory
Damage to the dorsal stream can lead to
optic ataxia
Damage to the dorsal stream can lead to:
optic ataxia.
The area where part of the optic nerves cross over is called the
optic chiasm
are specialized retinal neurons that transduce light into neural activity.
photoreceptors
As people age, their lens becomes less able to focus on close-up items. They are no longer able to see things like a book or newsprint clearly. This condition is called:
presbyopia.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed over the skull to stimulate the brain; used either to induce behavior or to disrupt ongoing behavior
A _____ is a sensory region that stimulates a receptor cell or neuron.
receptive field
Dr. Johnson-Smith plans to study behavioral changes in movement following temporary lesioning of the stratum. Which lesioning technique should Dr. Johnson-Smith use?
regional cooling
_____ is a technique that produces a reversible lesion
regional cooling
The _____ is a light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye that consists of neurons and photoreceptor cells.
retina
The white of the eye is also known as the:
sclera
Jaquita has migraines that sometimes leave a small blind spot in her visual field. This is called
scotoma
which of the following procedures is confined to studying neurons grown in a dish?
single-cell recording
Recognizing an object as remaining the same despite being viewed from different orientations is called:
stimulus equivalence
behavioral neuroscience
study of the biological bases of behavior in humans and other animals
neuropsychology
study of the relationships between brain function and behavior, especially in humans
stereotaxic apparatus
surgical instrument that permits a researcher or neurosurgeon to target a specific part of the brain
Why Kyra reads her book, certain words appear in colors to her. Kyra most likely has:
synesthesia.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
technique that produces a static 3 dimensional brain image by passing a strong magnetic field through the brain, followed by a radio wave, then measuring a radio frequency signal emitted from hydrogen atoms
microdialysis
technique used to determine the chemical constituents of extracellular fluid in freely moving animals
cerebral voltammetry
technique used to identify the concentration of specific chemicals in the brain as animals behave freely
The receptive fields of cells in the cortex indicate:
they receive inputs from many retinal ganglion cells.
If drug companies that use animals for research do not follow protocols to provide adequate treatment for vertebrate animals
they will be unable to get approval for clinical trails with humans
The _____ part of the visual field is represented in the lower part of the occipital lobe
top
optogenetics
transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to excite or inhibit targeted cells in living tissue
chemogenetics
transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate targeted cells in living tissue
With regard to using animals in research, which of the following statements is NOT true?
universities do not have to follow the same rules as government agencies when using animals in research
Damage to the what pathway of vision can result in
visual-form agnosia
Damage to the what pathway of vision can result in:
visual-form agnosia
Damage to the what pathway of vision can result in:
visual-form agnosia.
The ventral stream is the _____ pathway, and the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway
what; how
The ventral stream is the _____ pathway, and the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway.
what; how